The Tractor Book_ the definitive visual history

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THE TRACTOR BOOK THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL HISTORY N 450 OF THE WOR ALL-TIME GREATEST AND LATEST TRACTORS HE IVEL TO THE CHAL MORE THA LENGER • LD’S BEST • FROM T

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THE TRACTOR BOOK

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THE TRACTOR BOOK THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL HISTORY

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DORLING KINDERSLEY Contents Senior Editor Jemima Dunne Senior Art Editor Sharon Spencer Introduction: The Tractor Revolution 8 Editors Sam Kennedy, Miezan van Zyl Design Assistance Renata Latipova 1900–1920: THE EARLY YEARS Photographer Gary Ombler Pioneers began developing agricultural motors in the late Picture Research Nic Dean nineteenth century. Later, vast prairie giants ruled the DK Picture Library Claire Bowers, Claire Cordier, Romaine Werblow North American plains while smaller “agrimotors” began to replace the horse in Europe. World War I convinced the Jacket Designer Mark Cavanagh initially skeptical farming community of the tractor’s utility. Jacket Assistant Claire Gell Early Power 14 Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT Great Manufacturers: Ivel Agricultural Motors 16 Producer, Pre-Production Adam Stoneham Pioneer Machines 18 Producer Linda Dare Proﬁle: Hornsby-Akroyd 20 Managing Editor Esther Ripley Prairie Heavyweights 22 Managing Art Editor Karen Self Prairie Tractor Boom and Bust 24 Art Director Phil Ormerod The British Pioneers 26 Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler The Age of Experiment 28 Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Alternative Power Sources 30 The US Army’s Artillery Tractor 32 DK INDIA Beating the U-boat 34 Senior Editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya Proﬁle: Holt 75 Gun Tractor 36 Women at the Wheel 38 Senior Art Editor Anjana Nair Tractor Development 40 Project Editor Suparna Sengupta Early Tracked Machines 42 Art Editors Namita, Pallavi Narain Great Manufacturers: John Deere 44 Managing Editor Pakshalika Jayaprakash Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra Production Manager Pankaj Sharma Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh Senior DTP Designer Sachin Singh DTP Designers Vishal Bhatia, Nand Kishor Acharya, Mohammad Usman Picture Researcher Aditya Katyal Picture Research Manager Taiyaba Khatoon Contributors Stuart Gibbard, Simon Henley, Peter Longfoot, Steve Mitchell, Michael Williams, David Williams, Martin Rickatson First published in Great Britain in 2015 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL A Penguin Random House Company Copyright © 2015 Dorling Kindersley Limited 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 001 – 274736 – May/15 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-2410-1482-0 Printed and bound by Leo Paper Products Ltd., China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com

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1921–1938: COMING OF AGE Production rates soared but there was little evolution in design over the course of the war. The food shortages of Despite worldwide economic depression, this was an era of the post-war years stimulated a boom in the industry and invention, in which Henry Ford pioneered new methods of new ranges of styled tractors began to appear in the US. construction and Harry Ferguson’s three-point linkage and hydraulic lift revolutionized tractor design. US Consolidation 50 Tractors with Styling 84 Great Manufacturers: International Harvester 52 Proﬁle: MM UDLX 86 Britain Between the Wars 54 US Crawlers Move On 88 Proﬁle: Ferguson Type A 56 Lightweight Tractor Power 90 European Expansion 58 Mobilizing the Women’s Land Army 92 Great Manufacturers: Lanz 60 Military Might 94 World Tractor Trials 62 Proﬁle: Roadless Half-Track 96 North American Rowcrops 64 Post-war Variations 98 Proﬁle: Massey-Harris GP 66 Germany Engineering 100 General Purpose 68 Great Manufacturers: Ferguson 102 Proﬁle: Fowler Gyrotiller 70 The UK’s Golden Age 104 Crawler Market Grows 72 Great Manufacturers: Fordson 106 Aircraft-towing Tractors 74 Specials and Conversions 108 The First Diesels 76 Tracks in the UK 110 Great Manufacturers: Caterpillar 78 War Agricultural Executive Committees 112 1939–1951: WAR AND PEACE 1952–1964: GOLDEN AGE World War II sparked a massive demand for tractors A parade of new models with improved features was to perform a military and not just agricultural role. introduced as new manufacturers entered the market and farms became increasingly mechanized. With post-war

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shortages resolved, farmers demanded more and more meant larger and more reliable machines but as efﬁciency from their machines and their dealerships. The race for rose, fewer tractors were needed and sales started to fall. higher power and greater productivity had begun. North American Developments 118 Progress in the US 152 British Diesel Takes Supremacy 120 Great Manufacturers: Case 154 Proﬁle: Renault N73 Junior 122 British Progress 156 Changing Markets 124 Driver Protection 158 Germany Moves On 126 Great Manufacturers: Fiat 160 Proﬁle: Lanz Bulldog 128 Europe’s Industry 162 Tracks Across Antarctica 130 Global Expansion 164 Crawlers Around the World 132 Proﬁle: Northrop 5004T 166 Straddling Crops 134 All-wheel Drive 168 Smaller Tractors for Special Tasks 136 High Horsepower 170 Great Manufacturers: David Brown 138 World’s Biggest Tractor 172 Greater Horsepower, More Cylinders 140 Steel-track Sunset 174 Proﬁle: Doe Triple-D 142 Increasing Power 144 1981–2000: THE NEW Amphibious Tractor 146 TECHNOLOGY 1965–1980: THE NEW High-speed tractors, powershift transmissions, and GENERATION computerized controls deﬁned a period of technological advancement. In the face of difﬁcult economic realities, Tractor manufacturers began to aim at markets around manufacturers consolidated into global corporations. the globe. A greater focus on operator comfort saw the introduction of safety and quiet cabs. Demand for power The Big Three 180 Great Manufacturers: Massey Ferguson 182

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Reinventing the Plough 184 Preparing for the Coldest Journey 224 North American Power 186 Power for Other Purposes 226 Bold Designs, Tough Times 188 Economic and Social Progress 228 Great Manufacturers: Ford 190 World Farming 230 Continental Developments 192 Great Manufacturers: New Holland 232 Around the World 194 Out of the Ordinary 234 Rubber Tracks Arrive 196 Great Manufacturers: AGCO 236 Proﬁle: Case IH Quadtrac 198 Robots Ready to Take Over 238 Big Wheelers 200 Proﬁle: JCB Fastrac 202 HOW TRACTORS WORK: Multipurpose Machines 204 TRACTOR TECHNOLOGY AFTER 2000: 21ST CENTURY Tractors are exceptionally complex machines, set apart by their extraordinary hydraulics and the power of their Stringent emission standards and the demands of engines. This chapter explains the basics of tractor modern agriculture have led to a greater focus on fuel engineering and provides an overview of the most efﬁciency. Precision farming, aided by satellite technology, important historical evolutions and improvements. ensures that tractors operate at the very highest levels. Universal Workhorses 210 Tractor Engines 242 Proﬁle: John Deere 6210R 212 Wheels and Hydraulics 244 Power and Precision 214 Driving Technology 246 Great Manufacturers: SAME Deutz-Fahr 216 For Fruits and Vines 218 GLOSSARY 248 Proﬁle: AGCO Challenger 220 INDEX/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 250 Ever Larger Machines 222

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The Tractor Revolution What is a tractor? According to the dictionary, it is a “wheeled when it comes to attributing the invention of the tractor, or track-laying vehicle for using or pulling farm machinery”. matters are not so clear with several individuals or ﬁrms But that is a rather simplistic explanation for what has become developing machines along different lines. a very complicated machine with a multitude of applications. Hart-Parr of Iowa, USA, did not invent the tractor, but it was Agriculture is the world’s oldest and largest industry, and is one of the ﬁrst concerns in North America to produce them on a today a hugely commercial activity – a global business of epic commercial scale. Rather contentiously, Hart-Parr always proportions. The population of the world needs feeding, and claimed to have invented the term tractor, but there is scant the tractor is the primary tool that makes that possible. evidence to support this. It did coin the term at a time when Along with plant breeding and chemical pesticides – both other US manufacturers were referring to their products as controversial if undoubtedly important breakthroughs – tractors “gasoline traction engines” and the UK ﬁrms were advertising have been recognized as one of the three factors that had the their wares as “agricultural motors”, but it all depends on how greatest inﬂuence on farming during the 20th century. you deﬁne a tractor. The modern tractor is a highly sophisticated beast incorporating Was French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot’s tracteur à vapeur the latest electronics, computers, data communications, and of 1769 a tractor in the proper sense of the word when it was satellite guidance systems. The engines have been ﬁnely designed to pull cannons? The English word tractor is derived engineered to deliver maximum output on minimum fuel while from the Latin tractus meaning to pull, and it seems to have also meeting the latest emission regulations. A transmission is been applied to any pulling machine before it was accepted no longer a simple box of cogs, but can be semi-automatic or into general usage as a term for an agricultural prime-mover. constantly variable with inﬁnite speed adjustment. The UK steam manufacturers used the word “tractor” to describe an engine for pulling or hauling for many decades Powerful hydraulic systems are optimized for efﬁciency; before Hart-Parr ever thought of the idea. while the latest cabs are not just a workplace, but a luxurious environment with ergonomic seating and controls. However, So although we cannot accurately pinpoint the true origins the ongoing revolution in automation and computerization of the tractor, we can describe its early impact on agriculture. is a far cry from the original conception of a tractor. Both the UK and the USA had an established, if not exactly thriving, tractor industry by the formative years of the 20th The tractor was a product of the age of invention as the century. In North America, the arrival of power farming growing industrialization of the late 1800s led to a new dawn coincided with the age of settlement, and the industry of discovery. During this period, Thomas Edison gave us electric grew rapidly to meet the demand for machines to break light and Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone; but the prairies and plains.

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“The farm tractor... is a mighty industry in the making.” BARTON W. CURRIE, US JOURNALIST AND INDUSTRY COMMENTATOR, THE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN, 1916 Farmers in the UK viewed the arrival of the “agrimotor” with plough. In many countries, that change is ongoing as the tractor greater suspicion, but its acceptance was forced upon them continues to transform agriculture from subsistence farming by the need to increase food production during World War l. By into a productive and commercial enterprise, but its effect on the 1920s the tractor had come of age and every industrialized farming is only part of the story. nation of the world had a ﬂedgling industry. In 1954 the British Standards Institution classiﬁed the term Interestingly, many of the pioneers in the ﬁeld were the tractor as “a self-propelled power unit with wheels or tracks”. industrialists who had made their fortune from the arrival of This tells us very little, but it hints that it was, and is, far more the motor car. Men like Henry Ford, Giovanni Agnelli (Fiat), than just an agricultural machine, and history shows us that its André Citroën, and Louis Renault recognized that motorizing impact went far beyond improving the growing of crops. agriculture offered further opportunities – but farming was volatile and the risks were greater. For every manufacturer The beneﬁts of the tractor have been felt in almost every walk that succeeded in the tractor business, there were countless of life – not just in the countryside but also in towns and cities, more that fell by the wayside. factories and industry, travel and exploration – and right around the world. A highly adaptable and very capable machine, over World War II consolidated the industry as the numbers of the years, the tractor has had military and industrial tractors on farms spiralled upwards. However, the onset of applications; it has travelled to the South Pole, traversed power farming was not good news for everyone, and it brought deserts, and crossed the English Channel; it has cleared snow, hardship for some as labour was displaced from the land. The cleaned beaches, drilled for oil, shunted railway trucks, moved tractor had its detractors, and many bemoaned the passing aircraft, and launched lifeboats; it has worked in mines, forests, of the horse. Although in truth, at least as far as the UK was and dockyards; it can have wheels, tracks, or half-tracks; and can concerned, the era of the horse was in any case a short-lived be air-portable, amphibious, or semi-submersible. affair. The numbers on British farms did not peak until the beginning of the 20th century and were in decline by the end of Which brings us back to the original question: What is a tractor? World War l, whereas the ox had been the predominant draught The simple answer is: it can be whatever you want it to be. animal for centuries. Horses had their moment of glory, but the tractor brought about STUART GIBBARD an even greater revolution in farming methods. Depending on the area of the world, it replaced oxen, horses, mules, elephants, and camels. On some holdings, even the farmer’s wife breathed a sigh of relief that she would no longer have to manhandle the

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1900–1920 THE EARLY YEARS

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1900–1920 . 13 THE EARLY YEARS By the end of the 19th century Key events several pioneers had explored the r 1889 The Charter Gas Engine Co. of Chicago mounts an engine on a concept of what they called an Rumely steam engine chassis; it works, but is not a practical farm tractor. “agricultural motor”, but none had r 1892 John Froehlich of Iowa, USA gone beyond the prototype stage. builds an experimental tractor. In 1901 Hart-Parr of Iowa, USA, r 1896 Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham constructs UK’s ﬁrst tractor developed an “agricultural gasoline with a compression-ignition engine. traction engine” – 16 of which were u Simms agricultural motor r 1901 Hart-Parr introduces its sold over the next couple of years, Probably the earliest British petrol tractor ever “No. 1” tractor. allowing this US manufacturer to built, this “agrimotor” was developed by motor industry pioneer, Frederick R Simms, in 1902. r 1902 Dan Albone forms Ivel Agricultural Motors Ltd to produce justiﬁably claim to be founders of the tractor industry. Hart-Parr’s “No. 1” model farm tractors. was not the ﬁrst tractor built, but it was the ﬁrst to enjoy commercial success. r 1905 Henry Ford builds experimental tractor using automobile components. Once the tractor industry got off the ground, the US manufacturers blazed a r 1907 Deutz, Germany introduces its different trail to the ﬁrms in the UK and Europe. In North America, the priority ﬁrst tractor, the Pﬂuglokomotive. was to produce big “gas” (gasoline) tractors for breaking the prairies, similar to r 1908 The ﬁrst Winnipeg tractor trials are organized in Canada. The event the steam engines that had gone before. Across the Atlantic, the ﬂedgling tractor was held annually until 1913. manufacturers built lightweight “agrimotors” for farmers who wanted to replace r 1914 The Bull tractor at US$395 outsells all machines on the US market. their horses with something more progressive. r 1916 German U-boat attacks on Allied Eventually, the prairie tractor boom went bust due to oversupply and a shipping convinces the UK government that it needs tractors to increase food declining market as the great ranches were subdivided into smaller holdings. production. The ﬁrst consignment of Fordson tractors is shipped from By 1910 the US manufacturers had also turned their attention to lightweight Dearborn to the UK the following year. machines, but the tractor was far from being an instant success. Most farmers r 1920 The Lincoln tractor trials, held in England, attract machines from the UK, viewed these mechanical contrivances with trepidation, regarding them as US, Italy, and Switzerland. expensive novelties or even potentially dangerous contraptions. It would take u Ploughing the prairies Photographed at Asquith, Saskatchewan, Canada, a cataclysmic event, World War l, to convince them of the contribution that in 1912, this “ﬁve-bottom” Parlin & Orendorff plough is hitched to an International Titan Type D tractor. motorized farming could make to safeguarding food supplies. The conﬂict hastened tractor development, and the arrival of Henry Ford’s Fordson Model F in 1917 set the benchmark that all future designs would follow. “ To lift farm drudgery off ﬂesh and blood and lay it on steel and motors has been my most constant ambition.” HENRY FORD (1863–1947)  A catalogue issued in 1919 by Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co. for its big Twin City tractors.

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14 . 1900–1920 u Marshall traction engine Marshall had a very loyal customer base for its engines Early Power Date 1908 Origin UK and threshing machines. Traction Engine Marshall engine production continued From the middle of the 19th century the advent of Cylinders Single into WWII, although numbers the steam engine in its various forms slowly began Horsepower 7 nhp produced were small. to augment the horse as a source of power on farms around the world. The ﬁrst farm task to make use of it was threshing; then attention was turned to cultivation by steam. On the dry soils of the Americas, certain parts of Europe, and Russia, direct traction was the favoured method. On the moist soils of the UK, Germany, and Eastern Europe, the heavy steam engine could not be used without damage to the soil structure. Therefore, steam cable engines were used until they were replaced by the crawler tractor. l Port Huron Date 1915 Origin UK Engine Port Huron Cylinders Tandem compound Horsepower 65 hp The layout of the Port Huron traction engines was similar to that adopted by most US makers. The cylinder was mounted to one side of the boiler, driving on to a disc crank with the ﬂywheel at the other end. Tanks on the driver’s footplate carried water for the boiler. d Avery Under-type Although unconventional among the US steam engine builders, this tractor was built Date 1911 Origin USA using the best materials and engineering Engine Avery practices. While expensive, it gained a very Cylinders 2 good reputation during the brief reign of Horsepower 40 hp the steam traction engine on the prairies.

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E A R LY P O W E R . 1 5 d Wallis & Steevens Wallis & Steevens introduced the expansion engine, Date 1916 Origin UK which had a very unusual, to traction engines, type of valve gear. When in good condition it did give Engine Wallis & Steevens some economy of operation, but when worn out Cylinders Single the effect was negligible, outweighing the extra Horsepower 7 nhp cost and complication. u Clayton & Shuttleworth Clayton & Shuttleworth were the largest of the Lincoln engine builders. Their traction engines Date 1919 Origin UK were well received by both threshing contractors Engine Clayton & Shuttleworth and farmers alike. They produced enormous Cylinders Single quantities of portable engines and threshing Horsepower 7 nhp machines, mostly for export, including to Russia. u Fowler K7 Date 1919 Origin UK Engine Fowler Cylinders Compound Horsepower 12 nhp The K7 was the smallest Fowler cable ploughing engine in general use. Since it required the same number of men to operate a set of small engines as it did for the largest set, smaller engines were not generally economical. Early examples of K7s were usually rated at 10 nhp, while the later ones rated at 12 nhp. l Fowler BB1 Date 1920 Origin UK Engine Fowler Cylinders Compound Horsepower 16 nhp The BB1 was one of the most successful cable ploughing engines made in the UK. Originally designed by Fowler in 1917 to Ministry of Munitions speciﬁcations, 46 sets were delivered to help with food production in 1918. BB1s were built until the mid-1920s.

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16 . 1900–1920 Great Manufacturers Ploughing with an Ivel Agricultural Motors Ivel tractor c.1906 British farmers had a sworn aversion to mechanical complexities, and the internal-combustion engine was regarded as a fearful contraption. Despite this background of negativity, Dan Albone’s Ivel tractor found its supporters and went on to become an early export success. SEVERAL NAMES CAN BE lived in Biggleswade at the Ongley attributed to early tractor Arms in Shortmead Street, which was development in the UK. including part of the Great North Road. Professor John Scott, Frederick Albone’s afﬁnity with things Simms, Drake & Fletcher of mechanical began when his Kent, Sharps of York, and cousin built him a bicycle for Herbert Saunderson of his ninth birthday. This Elstow in Bedfordshire. kindled Albone’s inventive However, it was another streak and when he was Bedfordshire pioneer, 13 he was apprenticed Dan Albone, who ﬁrst to a local engineering broke through the works. Within a few conservatism of the Dan Albone years Albone was farming community and (1860–1906) constructing his own its allegiance to the horse. bicycles and had become Albone’s success with his Ivel a well-known racing cyclist. The ﬁrst tractor was completed in Sales promotion 1902, and Ivel Agricultural Motors Ltd This lavish brochure for the Ivel was issued tractor was undoubtedly down to the In 1880 Albone acquired the was formed the same year. Albone in 1913 after sales had begun to fall. had a gift for promoting his products man himself. He realized that the premises next door to the Ongley and he demonstrated his Ivel tractor Within a few years the Ivel was widely. He also had inﬂuential friends being exported worldwide. Its success design had to be simple and compact Arms, turning the building into the including the motoring pioneer looked assured, but a cruel twist of Selwyn Francis Edge and the racing fate would alter the course of events. to succeed, and he seized every Ivel Hotel, named after the River Ivel driver Charles Jarrott, who joined the On 30 October 1906 Dan Albone died company as directors. from a seizure brought on by being opportunity to underline the that ﬂowed nearby, as a meeting struck by lightning dramatically tractor’s capabilities – organizing centre for cyclists. The yard attached demonstrations and creating sales to the property became the site of where others had failed. the Ivel Cycle Works, where Albone Born on 12 September 1860, manufactured bicycles and ball- Albone was the youngest of a family bearings before progressing to “ The Ivel agricultural motor of eight. His father was a smallholder, motorized vehicles. innkeeper, and carpenter. The family After a period experimenting with motorcycles, powered tricycles, and is light and handy … a new even a car, Albone began developing a farm tractor. It was a simple, three- ﬁeld of activity [is] opening.” wheel design with a single-speed (forward or reverse) transmission. DAILY TELEGRAPH, 5 SEPTEMBER 1902 The engine, a two-cylinder horizontal unit of 24 hp, was supplied by a fellow The Ivel tractor was awarded demonstrating his tractor at night numerous prizes at agricultural in a thunderstorm. His premature cyclist, Walter Payne of Coventry. shows, and was widely fêted by the death at the age of only 46 left the local and national press. Each company in limbo. Without his Payne’s brother had won an Olympic demonstration was well attended inventive streak and inspired with a large crowd eager to see this leadership, many planned projects, Gold Medal for cycling. latest mechanical contrivance in including a larger Ivel tractor, a action. Orders eventually began to two-speed transmission, and “new Export sales ﬂow in from home and abroad. pattern” engine, were shelved. An Ivel tractor being crated at the Ivel Works in Biggleswade for shipment to Russia via the port of Riga. By 1908 the company was exporting to 22 countries worldwide.

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I V E L AG R I CU LT U RA L M OTO R S . 1 7 Ivel 1903 Ivel c.1906 Ivel 1913 Ivel-Hart 1916 1860 Dan Albone born at the Ongley Arms 1902 Albone patents his farm tractor and while demonstrating his tractor 1914 Ivel-Bauche motor hoe, built under in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, UK forms Ivel Agricultural Motors Ltd in a thunderstorm licence from a French company, 1909 Ivel demonstrated in Russia. Price exhibited at the Royal Show 1873 Albone apprenticed to local millwright 1903 Ivel tractor is exhibited at the Park of tractor on the home market is with a 7-hp engine Thomas Course Royal Show in London dropped to £260 1910 Ivel enters the Royal Agricultural 1916 Business moves to smaller 1880 Ivel Cycle Works established in the 1904 Royal Agricultural Society of Society of England’s “Trials premises in the Market Square, yard of the Ivel Hotel England awards silver medal to of Agricultural Motors” at Biggleswade, announcing that it the Ivel tractor Baldock, Hertfordshire. Tractor is will be marketing the American 1886 Albone constructs the ﬁrst practicable offered on “easy terms” Hart-Parr “Little Devil” as the tandem bicycle and becomes the 1905 Ivel tractor priced at £310 with 1913 Revised model of Ivel tractor features Ivel-Hart tractor champion cyclist of Bedfordshire proposals for a two-speed Aster engine with magneto ignition model released 1920 Ivel Agricultural Motors Ltd goes 1893 Albone builds his ﬁrst “motor bicycle” into receivership 1899 Ivel car assembled using a 1906 Dan Albone dies from a seizure after being struck by lightning Benz engine Ivel Agricultural Motors Ltd soldiered England’s 1910 trials at Baldock in overtake those of Ivel, which was Sales of the Ivel tractor began to on, making minor tweaks to the Hertfordshire, UK. The Biggleswade in danger of becoming outdated. After dwindle and the company moved into design including changing the engine manufacturer acquitted itself well, but the latest US machines were imported smaller premises. Ventures building supplier from Payne to Aster, a the gold medal was awarded to a in large numbers during World War I, French Bauche and US Hart-Parr French concern. Ivel was one of just McLaren steam tractor. the Biggleswade ﬁrm simply could machines under licence came to four manufacturers, including two nothing as the business ran into debt. steam engine builders, to enter the The other motor tractor producer at not compete on In 1920 Ivel Agricultural Motors Ltd Royal Agricultural Society of the trials was Herbert Saunderson, performance nor went into receivership. whose designs were beginning to on price. Threshing demonstration An Ivel tractor is shown driving a threshing machine for a local contractor at a public demonstration staged by Dan Albone on a farm near Biggleswade in 1904.

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18 . 1900–1920 u Froelich The ﬁrst Froelich was built in 1892, making it one of the earliest tractors ever built. The Pioneer Machines Date 1892 Origin USA Waterloo Gasoline Traction Co., which built Engine Van Duzen single-cylinder petrol Froelich tractors, was later bought by John The early years of tractor development were a time for new Horsepower 20 hp Deere to start their tractor business. This ideas. Some designers chose three wheels, others preferred Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse is a replica of the original tractor. four, and tracklayers added another option. There were heavyweight models to compete with steam traction engines while other tractor pioneers, particularly in the UK, developed lighter, more versatile designs to replace horses. Parafﬁn and petrol engines dominated the market, and there was little enthusiasm initially for the ﬁrst semi-diesel- powered tractors. Most manufacturers gave little thought to driver comfort. d Sharp’s Auto-Mower The tractor built by William Sharp in 1904 was not a commercial success, but the prototype Date 1904 Origin UK worked on his Lancashire farm for almost 50 Engine Humber 4-cylinder petrol years. The original power unit was a Daimler Horsepower Not known engine, but when this was damaged by frost Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse it was replaced by a Humber engine. u Ivel Dan Albone’s Ivel was probably the ﬁrst successful tractor designed to replace Date 1903 Origin UK horses. As well as the standard model, Engine Payne twin-cylinder Albone also built a special orchard horizontally opposed version – probably the ﬁrst ever fruit Horsepower 14 hp tractor, and a bullet-proof Ivel designed Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse as a battleﬁeld ambulance. u Hornsby-Akroyd Patent  Hart-Parr 20-40 Oil Tractor Date 1912 Origin USA Date 1897 Origin UK Engine Hart-Parr 2-cylinder Engine Hornsby-Akroyd parafﬁn single-cylinder hot-bulb with Horsepower 40 hp airless injection Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Almost all of Hart-Parr’s tractors built before 1918 featured a Richard Hornsby designed a tractor heavyweight design, a parafﬁn- to work as a steam traction engine. burning two-cylinder engine, The ﬁrst tractor sold in the UK and a prominent front tower was a Hornsby, and a tracklaying for the oil-based cooling system. version underwent trials with the The 20-40 included all of these UK’s War Ofﬁce in 1909. features plus a single front wheel.

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PIONEER MACHINES . 19 u Wallis Club The Wallis Club pioneered the unit frame design – a U-shaped Date 1914 Origin USA structure forming the main frame, Engine Wallis 4-cylinder and protecting the underside of the petrol/parafﬁn engine and transmission. Wallis Horsepower 44 hp later became part of Massey- Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Harris, along with Case Plow Works. r Allis–Chalmers 10-18 Date 1914 Origin USA Engine Allis–Chalmers twin-cylinder horizontally opposed petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 18 hp Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse The ﬁrst Allis–Chalmers production tractor was the 10-18 with an unconventional design that placed the single front wheel in line with the right hand rear wheel. The ﬁnal drive used a large- diameter ring gear unprotected from mud or stone damage. u Munktells 30-40 l Little Bull Date 1913 Origin Sweden Date 1914 Origin USA Engine Munktells 2-cylinder 2-stroke semi-diesel Engine Gile 2-cylinder Horsepower 40 hp maximum horizontally opposed petrol Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 12 hp Transmission 1 forward, This was the ﬁrst and the biggest tractor built by 1 reverse Munktells, which is now part of the Volvo car and truck company. About 30 of the heavyweight tractors The small size and unusual were built, equipped with 7-ft- (2-m-) diameter features of the Little Bull driving wheels and a 14.4-litre semi-diesel engine. attracted interest and was the bestselling tractor in the US in 1914. It lacked power with only 5 hp available at the drawbar, and with just one driving wheel to provide traction.

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20 . 1900–1920 Hornsby-Akroyd Unveiled in 1896 the Hornsby-Akroyd tractor was manufactured by Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham to the designs of inventor Herbert Akroyd Stuart. It was the ﬁrst British tractor, and also the world’s ﬁrst vehicle with a compression-ignition engine – Akroyd Stuart’s experiments predating those of German engineer Rudolph Diesel. Its single-cylinder engine, rated at 20 hp, was capable of running on a variety of fuels. AKROYD STUART got the idea for a compression-ignition engine Clutch lever after witnessing a vapour explosion at his father’s tinplate works in Buckinghamshire. After patenting various oil engine designs, he sold the manufacturing rights to Hornsby in 1891. The Lincolnshire ﬁrm perfected the designs and built several sizes of oil engine before the company’s works manager, David Roberts, suggested developing an “agricultural locomotive”. The ﬁrst Hornsby-Akroyd Patent Oil Tractor was completed in 1896, and the ﬁrm began to assemble another three the following year. The hot bulb engine was started by compressed air from an air receiver, and exhausted through a chimney; the blast inducing a draught of air for the cooling system. The ﬁrst tractor was sold to the philanthropist H.J. Locke-King, but the other three remained unﬁnished until they were exported to Australia several years later. Drawbar FRONT VIEW Rear wheel 6 ft (1.8 m) in diameter REAR Survivor from Australia VIEW Hornsby-Akroyd oil tractor, No. 12359, was built c.1897 and was one of three shipped to Australia in 1906–07. It was repatriated to the UK in 1984 after being discovered in a derelict state.

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SPECIFICATIONS HORNSBY-AKROYD . 21 Model Hornsby-Akroyd Patent 2 Oil Tractor 1 Built 1897 34 Origin UK Production 4 Engine 20 hp Hornsby-Akroyd single-cylinder hot-bulb with airless injection Capacity 2,290 cu.in (37,530 cc) Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Top speed Not known Length 15 ft 10 in (4.5 m) Weight 7.6 tons (7.7 tonnes) Flywheel 5 ft 5 in THE DETAILS 5 6 (1.65 m) in diameter 1. Maker’s plate for Hornsby No. 12359 2. Starting lever is pushed upwards to let compressed air into the cylinder 3. Fuel pump has to be primed prior to starting 4. Injector or “sprayer” to atomize fuel 5. Parafﬁn lamp 6. Flyball governor Cover for hot bulb Pressurized burner to heat hot bulb Pipe from Chain steering compressed air reservoir

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22 . 1900-1920 Prairie Heavyweights Building big tractors for big farms was the recipe for success for many leading companies during the early years of tractor history in the US and Canada. The prairie farms in Canada, and large-scale crop production in Australia and Africa, also provided export sales for big tractors built by some British companies. The tractors that were in demand were sturdy and, by contemporary standards, many of them offered plenty of power. However, customers were also demanding simple, no-frills reliability, and the temperamental ignition and fuel systems used during the ﬁrst 25 or so years of tractor history ensured that reliability remained a major issue. u Hart-Parr 30-60 “Old Reliable” It is not clear if the 30-60 actually earned the nickname “Old Reliable” or whether the Date 1910 Origin USA name was just a clever marketing idea. It Engine Hart-Parr 2-cylinder was a popular tractor in spite of a starting horizontal petrol/parafﬁn process involving 19 steps, which included Horsepower 60 hp manually turning the 1,000 lb (454 kg) Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse ﬂywheel to spin the engine. u International Mogul In 1911 International opened its new Tractor Works Junior 25 in Chicago and this was one of the ﬁrst new models to emerge. Production began at six Date 1912 Origin USA machines a day, but increased to 12, then 14 as Engine International single-cylinder parafﬁn the tractor boom peaked in 1912. It remained in Horsepower 25 hp production until early 1913; 812 were built before Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse it reappeared as the largely similar Mogul 15–30. u International Titan Type D International’s Titan tractor range was sold through the company’s Deering Date 1910 Origin USA dealer network in the US and Canada, Engine International single-cylinder while Mogul models were offered by horizontal parafﬁn McCormick outlets. The Titan Type D Horsepower 25 hp was built in 20 hp and 25 hp versions Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse plus a small number of 45 hp models. u Marshall Colonial Class A r Case 20-40 Date 1908 Origin UK Date 1913 Origin USA Engine Marshall 2-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Engine J.I. Case 2-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 30 hp Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Marshall’s venture into motorized tractors began Case built its ﬁrst tractor in 1892 but it was in 1904 when it started building tractors for not a success. It returned to the market in broad-acre farming. Distributed in South America, 1911 with a prototype machine that led to full Australia, Africa, India, Russia, and Canada, these production from 1912 in time for the WWI sales huge machines ranged from 16 hp to 32 hp. By 1914, boom. The 20–40 was a bestselling model and a 300 had been sold; production ceased during WWI. gold medal winner at the Canadian tractor trials.

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PRAIRIE HEAVYWEIGHTS . 23 l Twin City 40-65 The Twin City was introduced in 1910 as the 40, redesigned Date 1913 Origin USA in 1911 as the 40–65 and later Engine Twin City 4-cylinder revised into the Type B. The main petrol/parafﬁn customers for this huge tractor Horsepower 65 hp were the “custom” threshermen Transmission 1 forward, and municipal road departments. 1 reverse It was in production until 1924. l Fairbanks Morse 15-30 Date 1913 Origin Canada Engine Fairbanks Morse single-cylinder parafﬁn Horsepower 30 hp Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse Fairbanks-Morse tractor production was centred at Beloit, Wisconsin, USA and Toronto, Canada. A Model N 15–25 found a ready market in western Canada and it was said that the sharp report of its engine could be heard for miles. In 1912 the 15–25 was superseded by the 15–30. r Rumely OilPull Type G 20-40 u Avery 18-36 Date 1919 Origin USA Date 1916 Origin USA Engine Advance-Rumely 2-cylinder Engine Avery 4-cylinder horizontally petrol/parafﬁn opposed petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 46 hp maximum Horsepower 36 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse The OilPull name emphasized the Avery was a leading steam traction engine Rumely engine’s ability to use cheaper, company before joining the tractor industry. low-grade parafﬁn, which needed A distinctive feature of most of their early oil instead of water for cooling. heavyweight tractors was the radiator The Model G arrived in 1919, one tower where water was cooled while of the last new OilPulls in the circulating through copper pipes in an traditional heavyweight series. airﬂow induced by exhaust gases.

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Prairie Tractor Boom and Bust The early North American gasoline-powered “gas” tractors were tractor line, which employed oil cooling instead of water to large, ponderous beasts, designed with just one job in mind – keep the operating temperature of the engine high enough breaking new land across the prairies and great plains. Their to vaporize the parafﬁn fuel. By 1912 with a turnover of success led to a boom in the North American tractor industry, US$16 million, Rumely was the third largest tractor manufacturer which lasted for only a few years from around 1907 until the in the USA with 2,000 staff building 2,500 tractors per year. bubble burst in c.1912 after the big wheat bonanza slowed and the great ranches were subdivided into smaller holdings. The prairie monsters were usually bought on credit. Crop failures led to farmers defaulting on payments and going out RUMELY OILPULL of business. The market, already oversupplied, collapsed almost overnight, forcing Rumely to adopt more lightweight designs. The Advance-Rumely Thresher Company of La Porte, Indiana, was one of the manufacturers fuelling the big tractor boom. The Contrasting motor power with horsepower: a single-cylinder Rumely OilPull ﬁrm built its ﬁrst model in 1909, coining the OilPull name for its 15-30 tractor breaking new ground at Maynard in Saskatchewan in 1912.

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26 . 1900–1920 l Saunderson Universal The British Pioneers Date 1916 Origin UK Engine Saunderson 2-cylinder The biggest problem for the UK’s tractor makers before World War I petrol/parafﬁn was lack of customers. Horses and people continued to provide Horsepower 23 hp power on British farms, with steam limited mainly to specialized Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse contractor services, and there was little interest in tractors. When the war started and brought an urgent need for tractor power, This forward-control tractor was most of the demand was met by imports from the US. None of based on the previous Universals, the British companies that started tractor production before or but with the driving position moved soon after the war ended achieved long-term success. to the front. Saunderson had used this layout on some earlier models, and on the Universal version it provided good forward visibility, but a restricted rear view. u Alldays General Purpose The Alldays General Purpose from Alldays & Onions made a brief Date 1917–18 Origin UK appearance. Price was a problem, Engine Alldays & Onions caused by the high speciﬁcation 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn including front and rear suspension, Horsepower 25–30 hp a canopy protecting the driver, Transmission 3 forward, plus both transmission and 1 reverse rear axle brakes. r Saunderson Universal Saunderson’s success peaked Model G during WWI when its Universal Model G tractors were needed Date 1916 Origin UK to help the wartime food Engine Saunderson 2-cylinder production campaign. One petrol/parafﬁn of the Model G orders was from Horsepower 23 hp the royal farms in Norfolk – the Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse king’s ﬁrst tractor. Motor Ploughs u Crawley Agrimotor A prototype version of this tractor was designed and built on the Crawley brothers’ The motor plough fashion was brief and Date 1920 Origin UK farm in Essex in c.1912–13. A small number patchy. It lasted through World War I Engine Buda 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn were built by Garretts of Leiston before and the early 1920s, and then disappeared. Horsepower 30 hp production was taken over by the family Demand was strong in the US and some European Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse owned Crawley Agrimotor Co. countries but with much less interest elsewhere. Prices were often lower than a proper tractor, but this advantage vanished when the Fordson arrived. Disadvantages included poor versatility and awkward handling. Attempts to build costly, high-output motor ploughs, such as the 65-hp Stock from Germany, attracted few customers.

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THE BRITISH PIONEERS . 27 u Glasgow Glasgow tractors were thoroughly Scottish, designed by a Scot and Date 1919 Origin UK built near Glasgow. Unusual Engine Waukesha 4-cylinder features included three-wheel petrol or petrol/parafﬁn drive, plus a tilt facility to keep Horsepower 27 hp the engine upright. Production Transmission 2 forward, fell far short of the 5,000 per 1 reverse, with 3-wheel drive year target, and ended in 1924. u Austin Model R The Model R achieved some success in the UK with output brieﬂy reaching Date 1919 Origin UK 60 per week in 1922. It was also Engine Austin 4-cylinder petrol/ popular in France where production parafﬁn car engine started in about 1926. The British Horsepower 25 hp market was later supplied with an Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse updated, French-built version. r Weeks-Dungey New Simplex Hugh Dungey designed the tractor he wanted for his farm in Date 1919 Origin UK Kent, and William Weeks, a local Engine Waukesha 4-cylinder engineering company, built it petrol/parafﬁn for him in c.1914. It attracted Horsepower 22.5 hp orders from other farmers and Transmission 3 forward, an improved version, the New 1 reverse Simplex, was produced in 1918. l Garner All-purpose Date 1919 Origin UK Engine Garner 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 30 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Garner was a British tractor built in the US by the William Galloway Co. of Waterloo, Iowa. A sales feature claimed by Henry Garner Ltd, the British importer and distributor, was that it was suitable for women drivers recruited for the wartime food-production campaign. l Praga Model X  Fowler Motor Plough Falling demand for steam power caused problems for the Fowler company and the Date 1918–20 Date 1920 Origin UK motor plough offered an opportunity to Origin Czechoslovakia Engine Fowler 2-cylinder petrol or petrol/parafﬁn diversify. In spite of the prestigious Fowler Engine Praga single-cylinder Horsepower 14 hp name, sales were disappointing and the petrol Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse search for other products continued. Horsepower 10 hp Transmission Not known The Praga Co. was building cars and trucks before they started making motor ploughs in c.1912, and tractors followed later. The ﬁrst Praga motor ploughs were the 40-hp K5 and 32-hp X designs, followed by the 10-hp (shown) and 20-hp models for smaller farms.

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28 . 1900–1920 The Age of Experiment World War I provided a huge boost for the tractor industry, especially in North America. As well as being a period of rapid growth it was also an age of experiment with four-wheel drive, three-wheelers, various combinations of wheels and tracks, and even motor ploughs all making an appearance. Improvements introduced in the decade before 1920 included the ﬁrst tractor with an electric starter, while International announced the ﬁrst tractor with a proper power takeoff (PTO). u Ford Model B The Ford Model B arrived after news broke that Henry Ford was developing Date c.1916 Origin USA a tractor. The company that built it Engine Gile 2-cylinder horizontally was not connected with Henry Ford; it opposed petrol/parafﬁn was started by businessmen hoping to Horsepower 16 hp attract investors and customers who Transmission 1 forward were confused by the name. u Samson Sieve-Grip 6–12 The Sieve-Grip name refers to the tractor’s steel wheels. They were Date 1917 Origin USA designed to grip the ground efﬁciently Engine Samson single-cylinder and the idea seems to have worked – horizontal petrol/parafﬁn the Sieve-Grip tractor was so popular Horsepower 12 hp that the Samson company was bought Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse by General Motors in 1917. u Moline Universal Model D Date 1918 Origin USA Engine Moline 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 27 hp Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse For many farmers, motor ploughs were the ﬁrst step into power farming, and the Moline Plow Co.’s Universal was one of the bestselling models. Increasing sales allowed Moline to build their own engine and in 1918 they added electric starting and lights to the speciﬁcation. u Gray 18-36 The Gray tractor had a corrugated metal sheet to keep the engine dry. Date 1918 Origin USA The drive at the rear was a single Engine Waukesha 4-cylinder petrol wide drum to reduce soil compaction, Horsepower 36 hp which Gray claimed increased the Transmission 2 forward, tractor’s pulling power, but it slipped 1 reverse badly when tested at Nebraska. r Parrett 12–25 Parrett tractors were called Clydesdales in the UK, and this one probably took Date 1919 Origin USA part in the 1920 trials at Lincoln. Big Engine Buda 4-cylinder front wheels were said to need less petrol/parafﬁn power over rough ground and bearing Horsepower 25 hp wear was reduced because the hubs Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse were farther from mud and dust.

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29 u Nelson 20-28 US experiments with four-wheel drive (4WD) date back to about 1910, but Date 1919 Origin USA beneﬁts of improved traction were Engine Wisconsin Type A 4-cylinder outweighed by higher prices and poor petrol/parafﬁn manoeuvrability. The 4WD models Horsepower 28 hp made by the Nelson Blower & Furnace Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Co. were not successful. u Rumely OilPull Rumely tractors burned parafﬁn Model H 16-30 with water injection to improve fuel consumption and increase Date 1919 Origin USA the power when running under Engine Advance-Rumely 2-cylinder load. To keep the operating horizontal petrol/parafﬁn temperature high enough, oil Horsepower 30.5 hp cooling was employed instead of Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse water – hence the OilPull name. u Waterloo Boy Model N The Waterloo Boy was the ﬁrst tractor to complete a Nebraska test. Date 1920 Origin USA Selling the Model N through his Engine Waterloo twin-cylinder garage prompted Harry Ferguson’s horizontal petrol/parafﬁn interest in tractor design. John Horsepower 25 hp Deere entered the tractor industry Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse when it bought the Waterloo Boy Co.

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30 . 1900–1920 r Cooper Steam Digger Alternative Date 1900 Origin UK Power Sources Engine Cooper double crank compound There were no boundaries in the design of power units Cylinders 2 for use in general haulage and agriculture. Everything Horsepower 25 hp was tried – light and heavy steam tractors, self-propelled cultivators, oil-fueled cable-cultivating engines, both as The Cooper digger was an attempt original designs and conversions. Even into the 1920s to replace the plough for cultivating novel designs were still being placed on the market, land. The digging attachment could most of which had little or no success. be removed and the engine used for general farm haulage. Cooper even offered a winding drum attachment to convert the engine to cable cultivation. d Huber Date 1915 Origin USA Engine Huber Cylinder 1 Horsepower 15 hp Huber traction engines differed from most US types. They incorporated a return ﬂue boiler and the cylinder was placed over the ﬁrebox with the crankshaft towards the front. Boilers of this type were economical as well as being short and able to use a variety of fuels. u Foden Colonial d Fowler Diesel Conversion Date 1913 Origin UK Date 1918 Origin UK Engine Foden Engine Mercedes-Benz Cylinders Compound 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 8 nhp Transmission 2 forward, 2 reverse Horsepower 100 hp The products of Fodens Ltd. were engineered to a very high Several Fowler steam ploughing standard, but not many were built. engines were converted to diesel in These machines enjoyed a good the 1950s. The conversion of this reputation among both drivers particular engine was done by Beeby and owners for being economical Bros. of Rempstone, Leicestershire for and lively. The Foden engines were use in their dredging business. With noted for the larger than normal diesel it was no longer necessary to rear wheels. cart coal and water to the engines.

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A LT E R N AT I V E P OW E R S O U RC ES . 31 TECHNOLOGY Best’s Engines Daniel Best started out building grain cleaners in 1869 and he formed the Daniel Best Agricultural Works in San Leandro, California in 1885. He went on to build combine harvesters and in 1893 his Best Manufacturing Co. produced these and steam and gas traction engines. In 1908 he sold out to The Holt Manufacturing Co. of Stockton. For hills The Best’s 110 hp engine had an oil-ﬁred, upright boiler, so it could be used in an hilly area as the incline affects the water level. u Mann The Mann “low-cost steam tractor” was yet another attempt by a steam-engine builder to Date 1920 Origin UK produce a machine to compete with the highly Engine Mann successful internal-combustion-engined tractors. Cylinders Compound Single or compound cylinder versions were Horsepower 25 hp offered; both failed to achieve worthwhile sales. d Walsh & Clark Oil Walsh & Clark designed these engines Ploughing Engine to look like steam engines in an attempt to persuade steam-engine users to buy them. Date 1919 Origin UK In the event they proved unsuccessful Engine Walsh & Clark 2-cylinder and few were built. The early internal horizontally opposed petrol/parafﬁn combustion engines did not have Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse the power or versatility to compete Horsepower 35 hp with the steam engine. u Bryan Date 1920 Origin USA Engine Bryan Cylinders 2 Horsepower 20 hp The brainchild of George Bryan, this steam tractor was a revolutionary machine. Using an oil-ﬁred ﬂash boiler to supply steam to a two-cylinder, double- acting, piston-valve engine, it showed great promise in the ﬁeld. However, it was not competitively priced and made little ground against internal-combustion- engined tractors in the market.

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The US Army’s Artillery Tractor As stalemate settled over the trenches during World War 1, and the Western Front became a sea of mud, the need for crawler tractors to handle the heavy guns became acute. The British, French, and Russian governments placed orders for various sizes of artillery tractors, including 75-hp and 120-hp models, with the Holt Manufacturing Company. After the USA entered the war in 1917, Holt was asked to develop an armoured 45-hp tractor for the US Army Ordnance Department. To ease the supply problems, production of this machine, ofﬁcially designated the “Artillery Tractor 5 Ton Model 1917”, was licensed to two motor car concerns, Reo of Lansing and Maxwell of Detroit. DEMONSTRATING THE TRACTOR Holt’s artillery tractor was demonstrated at Rock Creek Park on the outskirts of Washington DC on 3 June 1918. During the trial, the tractor was used to haul a 4.7-in (11.9-cm) ﬁeld howitzer and timber. Attending the demonstration were Newton Baker, the US secretary of war (seen in the photograph arriving in his Model T Ford), and General Peyton March, the US Army’s chief of staff. The armoured “5 Ton” was released for production soon afterwards and 1,100 were shipped to Europe before the Armistice was signed in November 1918. A civilian version was built from 1919 to 1922. US Army engineers at Rock Creek, Washington DC await the arrival of Secretary Baker for the demonstration of the Holt “5-Ton” artillery tractor.

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34 . 1900–1920 Beating the U-boat The demand for supplies to the European Western Front, including ordnance, horses, and foodstuffs was seriously underestimated by the British government in World War I. This reached a crisis point by mid-1916, with farms struggling to combat the disruption of food imports caused by the attacks on shipping by Germany’s U-boats. The British government turned to the US to supply tractors to replace the farm horses lost to the army. Large orders were also placed with Holt for the supply of tractors to the army for transport duties. u Holt 75 Gun Tractor Date 1918 Origin USA Engine Holt 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 75 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse The Holt 75 was the Allies’ standard heavy artillery tractor with 1,651 eventually being delivered from 1915 to November 1918. In the atrocious mud on the Western Front, it was the only tractor capable of hauling the heavy guns into position. As conditions worsened, the 75 was also used to haul supply trains bringing ammunition and other essentials up to the front lines. u Mogul 8-16 The 8-16 was simple, dependable, and rugged to a fault. Being ﬁtted with Date 1915 Origin USA low-tension ignition and a total-loss Engine International single-cylinder lubrication system, there was little horizontal petrol/parafﬁn to go wrong. Around 500 were Horsepower 25 hp delivered between 1915 and 1918, Transmission Epicyclic single-speed most against the UK’s Ministry of forward and reverse Munitions orders. l International Junior 8-16 u Overtime Model R Date 1919 Origin USA Date 1916 Origin USA/UK Engine International 4-cylinder Engine Waterloo twin-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn horizontal petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 16 hp Horsepower 24 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse This was a popular tractor on Known in the US as the Waterloo farms in the early 1920s. Featuring Boy and in the UK as the a water-washer air cleaner and a Overtime, it was the ﬁrst of the mid-mounted radiator, the still US-built tractors to appear on chain-driven Junior ﬁlled the British farms as a result of the gap between the “old” type of government orders. These tractors, the Mogul and Titan, tractors were brought in to help and the gear-drive 15-30 and produce more food as WWI began 10-20 models. affecting imports of foodstuffs.

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BEATING THE U-BOAT . 35 u MOM Fordson F Date 1917 Origin USA Engine Ford-designed Hercules-built 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 22 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The UK’s Ministry of Munitions ordered and received the ﬁrst 6,000 tractors off the Fordson production line, hence they were known as MOM models. This was the ﬁrst unit construction tractor, and it shared its trembler coil ignition system with the Ford Model T car. A total of nearly 750,000 were built before manufacture ended in 1927. u Holt Armoured 5-ton The Armoured 5-ton was the standard light artillery tractor used by the US Date 1918 Origin USA Army in WWI. Holt licensed both the Engine Holt 4-cylinder petrol Reo and Maxwell Motor Car Companies Horsepower 40 hp to assist with production. Reo built Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse 1,477 units and Maxwell 2,193 units. u Twin Mogul 12–25 l Titan 10-20 Date 1918 Origin USA Date 1919 Origin USA Engine International twin-cylinder Engine International twin-cylinder horizontally opposed petrol/parafﬁn horizontal petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 25 hp Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse A total of just over 250 Mogul 12-25s were Until the arrival of the Fordson, the delivered to British customers during the 10-20 was the mainstay of the war years 1915 to 1918. By contemporary British tractor ﬂeet in WWI, with British standards, these tractors were nearly 4,000 units delivered. It was large and expensive and, to a degree, a simple, reliable, and dependable complicated when compared with the power unit. More than 78,000 units other makes available at the time. were produced from 1915 to 1922.

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36 . 1900–1920 Holt 75 Gun Tractor The Holt 75 became the standard artillery tractor for the Allied forces during World War l. A total of 1,810 military versions were built at the company’s Peoria factory in Illinois. Of these, 1,362 were ordered by the British War Department, arriving in the UK at Avonmouth Docks, where they were adapted to War Ofﬁce requirements before being shipped to France. The military speciﬁcation included a canopy and a capstan winch. THE 75 TRACTOR was built by the Holt Manufacturing Company, the British Army Holt precursor of the Caterpillar organization, at both Peoria and its Stockton This machine is the sole surviving plant in California. The model was in production in 1914–24 and 4,161 were British War Department Holt made with most supplied as agricultural tractors, although some were also artillery tractor. It was shipped used for road building in addition to those pressed into military service. from Peoria in October 1918. Arriving in the UK after the The four-cylinder petrol engine, developing 75 hp at a leisurely 550 rpm armistice had been signed, it was largely reliable, if a little outdated. It also had an incredible thirst for was put into storage. fuel, drinking petrol like it was going out of fashion, and suffered from an inadequate cooling system. Most of the military tractors were ﬁtted with an Sight-gauge for auxiliary water tank to feed the radiator. They were physically demanding coolant level machines to drive; changes of direction requiring numerous turns on the steering wheel while disengaging the appropriate clutch – and even then they had a tendency to continue in a straight line. THE DETAILS 1 Radiator holds 2 53 gallons (241 l) of 1. Holt name embossed on radiator header tank 2. 4-cylinder water petrol engine has exposed push-rods 3. Capstan winch for recovery work 4. Bevel-gears for steering column 5. Driver’s platform with levers for steering clutches and drive clutch 6. Massive steering clutches are 3ft (0.9m) in diameter 35 Acetylene lamp ﬁtted to military tractors 6 4 Front wheel assists steering

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Conical top SPECIFICATIONS Holt 75 Gun Tractor H O LT 75 G U N T RACTO R . 37 keeps rain out Model 1918 of exhaust pipe Built USA REAR Origin 4,161 VIEW Production 75 hp Holt 4-cylinder petrol Engine 1,400 cu.in (22,900 cc) Capacity 2 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 3 mph (5 km/h) Top speed 20 ft (6 m) Length 10.5 tons (10.7 tonnes) Weight Canopy with side- FRONT curtains protected crew VIEW from the elements Petrol engine Levers to control Fuel tank holds runs at 550 rpm throttle and ignition 74 gallons (336.4 l) of petrol Flywheel pulled Drums for oil Sheet-metal cover over by hand to and water to access steering start engine clutches Track links made from malleable-steel forgings

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Women at the Wheel The early motor tractors captured the imagination of the public, members were given little opportunity to drive tractors. and no more so than in the UK during World War 1 when However, those that did proved to be the equal of the men they increased mechanization was the answer to the German U-boat replaced, and were sometimes more proﬁcient. attacks that threatened to starve the country into submission. Tractors replaced horses that had been pressed into military WOMEN’S LEGION AND ITS TRACTORS service, but drivers were also needed at a time when most of the men were serving on the Western Front. The agricultural section of the Women’s Legion, led by Miss Sylvia Brocklebank, raised money to buy tractors and Women made up a third of all the auxiliary labour drafted implements, then leased them to farmers. Many of the tractors onto the land during World War I, with the remainder being were US models purchased with donations from the USA. drawn from the Army Service Corps, prisoners of war, and lads too young for military service. The Women’s Land Army (WLA) A lady at the wheel of a US Little Giant tractor illustrated in a British was not formed until February 1917 and most of its 23,000 children’s book in c.1917.

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40 . 1900–1920 l Champeyrache Tractor Date c.1910 Origin France Development Engine Chapuis Dornier 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 12 hp Tractor evolution and production started in the Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse US, with the UK close behind. Other European This is possibly the only surviving Champeyrache countries plus Canada and Australia followed tractor, a make for which few records exist. The the UK, with East European and South American rough ﬁnish on some of the parts suggests it manufacturers next on the list. Countries such may have been a prototype version. An unusual as Japan, Turkey, India, and China came much feature is a power-operated winch. later. The big inﬂuence before 1920 was the impact of World War I, which brought large-scale l Chapron CR tractor production in the US and sped up the tractor-powered farm mechanization process that Date c.1919 Origin France eventually replaced both horses and steam. Engine Chapuis Dornier 4-cylinder petrol u Pavesi America r McDonald Imperial EB Horsepower 12 hp Transmission 2 forward, Date 1913–17 Origin Italy Date 1912 Origin Australia 1 reverse Engine OTO 4-cylinder petrol Engine McDonald 2-cylinder This was a vineyard tractor built Horsepower 50 hp petrol/parafﬁn in a major wine-producing area Transmission 2 forward, Horsepower 20 hp by a company specializing in 2 reverse Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse equipment for the wine industry. The tractor was designed to As Europe prepared for WWI, the Australia’s tractor industry started work with implements attached Pavesi company realized there in 1908 when the ﬁrst McDonald to the front or the rear, or could be a demand for military Imperial EA series tractor was both together. tractors to replace horses for built. About 13 were sold before pulling heavy loads. The result a new model arrived in 1912 – was the US model, and after the Imperial EB. Design the war some of these ex-army improvements included more tractors were sold for farm work. efﬁcient engine cooling. u Minerva The Minerva company made luxury cars and trucks before WWI. It Date 1914 Origin Belgium also built this load-carrying utility Engine Minerva 2-cylinder petrol vehicle for the Belgian Army. Horsepower 25 hp When the war ended some of the Transmission 3 forward, tractors were bought by farmers 1 reverse who used them for haulage work.

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 Pavesi P4 This was another of the Pavesi tractors designed for military Date 1917 Origin Italy use with articulated steering, Engine Pavesi 4-cylinder plus four-wheel drive for pulling petrol heavy guns and equipment on the Horsepower 40 hp battleﬁeld. Production ended in 1942 Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse after Pavesi was taken over by Fiat. l Scemia Universal Date 1919 Origin France Engine Saunderson 2-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse While Britain’s Saunderson company faced increasing ﬁnancial problems in its home market after WWI, a version of the Saunderson Universal tractor was built under licence in France by Scemia. It was a popular choice in the medium-power sector. r Fiat 702 Date 1919 Origin Italy Engine Fiat 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Fiat used engines from its truck range for its ﬁrst tractor, the 702, which was available from 1919. Fiat started with a 5.6-litre engine, but within 18 months the output was increased to 30 hp when ﬁtted with a 6.2-litre truck engine.  Renault HO Date 1921 Origin France Engine Renault 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Renault’s ﬁrst tractor was a tracklayer based on a small army tank the company built in WWI. It was joined in 1921 by this HO wheeled tractor, which shared the GP’s styling with the radiator behind the engine, but the power was reduced.

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42 . 1900–1920 u Cleveland Cletrac Model H The Model H was one of the company’s early designs that was marketed in Early Tracked Machines Date 1917 Origin USA the UK by H.G. Burford. The tractor Engine Weidley 4-cylinder was steered by the somewhat The years from 1915 to 1922 were a period of experimentation in the petrol/parafﬁn unconventional method of a steering development of crawler tractors. The designs were wide and varied; Horsepower 20 hp wheel connected to the controlled however, most led to dead ends, either because of mechanical failings Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse differential by a series of links. or the excessive cost of production. British manufacturers produced some very promising designs in the period, which were well built and of advanced design, but expensive to build. All eventually succumbed to the relentless commercial pressure of the early 1920s. The US manufacturers were better placed – they had a vast home market to satisfy and were not as reliant as the British on the old construction methods inherited from the days of steam. u Holt Experimental This experimental Holt tractor, one Model T16 of a batch of seven, was the result of a request by the US Military to Holt Date 1917 Origin USA for the design of a medium-sized Engine Holt 4-cylinder petrol artillery tractor. Although a compact Horsepower approx. 30 hp and neat design emerged, the Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse project was not continued. u Bates Steel Mule Model F u Bullock Creeping Grip 12–20 Date 1921 Origin USA Date 1917 Origin USA Engine Midwest 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Engine Waukesha 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 38 hp Horsepower 35 hp Transmission Fully-enclosed running in oil Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Produced from 1921 to 1937, the Model F was ﬁtted with The 12-20 Creeping Grip was another early type of crawler three different engines. The Midwest was followed in 1926 tractor imported into the UK. It was exhibited at the by a Beaver, and in 1928 by a Le Roi, both four-cylinder Highland Tractor Trials in 1917 when it was offered for units. As is usual with a half-track design, the tractor was sale at £453 plus shipping costs, making it a very costly steered by the front wheels. Throughout the production purchase; a few were sold. This very unusual machine of their tracked machines, Bates always referred to these has the engine placed behind the transmission. tracks as “crawlers”, in an attempt to avoid any connection with the registered trade mark of Caterpillar. l Clayton Chain Rail Date 1918 Origin UK Engine Dorman 4JO 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Produced by established steam engine manufacturers Clayton & Shuttleworth, Clayton Chain Rail was one of the earliest successful designs of British crawlers. Steering was by clutch and brake, the brakes being operated by foot pedals, but the clutches were actuated by a linkage system connected to a steering wheel.

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43 u Yube Ball-Tread The Ball-Tread was built to a high standard and was expensive. Date 1919 Origin USA However, it enjoyed a considerable Engine Wisconsin customer following for a number 4-cylinder petrol of years. The tracks ran on two Horsepower 35 hp continuous rows of steel balls – half Transmission 2 forward, the race formed in the track rails 2 reverse and the other half in the track frames. l Blackstone Track Tractor Date 1919 Origin UK Engine Blackstone 3-cylinder parafﬁn (lamp oil) Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Blackstone was an advanced and complex machine for its day. The engine was designed to start from cold on lamp oil. A simple braked differential was used to steer the tractor. The Blackstone was very expensive and few were sold. u Best 60 Date 1919 Origin USA Engine Best 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 60 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse A milestone in crawler development, the basic design of Best 60 became the standard for mainstream track-type tractor evolution. When tested at Nebraska, it could produce only 56 hp, but the engine timing details were reworked and the output increased to 60 hp. l Renault Model HI Date 1920 Origin France Engine Renault 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 34 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The distinctive features of the HI, as with other Renault crawlers, were the angled centre-mounted radiator, the track suspension spring across the front of the chassis, and the tiller steering. It was exported to places such as Australia, New Zealand, and Russia. Total sales amounted to only 610 units.

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44 . 1900–1920 Great Manufacturers Model A rowcrop John Deere tractor in 1936 Today, John Deere is the world’s biggest farm equipment manufacturer with bestselling tractor and combine harvester ranges. Yet its success story had a much more modest start in 1825 when a 21-year-old American opened a small tool shop repairing and manufacturing agricultural tools. JOHN DEERE LEARNT his trade as a spent lighting ﬁres or heating water. “ I will never put my name on a product that doesn’t have blacksmith in Vermont, US, but it was Other contractors were attracted by in it the best that is in me.” in the state of Illinois in 1837 that the new machine and the Waterloo JOHN DEERE he created the ﬁrst of many Gasoline Traction Engine Company pieces of farm equipment was formed in Waterloo, Iowa that would bear his name: to construct and sell them. the cast-steel plough. The Froelich tractors were not The tool featured steel successful, but their engines were mouldboards that improved in high demand and from wear resistance and a more 1895 the newly renamed that continued to power almost all numbers in 1952 when a new tractor John Deere machines until 1960. It range was announced and in 1956 efﬁcient self-cleaning Waterloo Gasoline Engine became one of the most successful John Deere’s all-green paint colour was tractor engines ever built. replaced by a more eye-catching green action. It was ideal Company focused on engine and yellow livery on the new 20 series. Following the takeover, John Deere for the tough soil of the building. In 1912 it returned improved the Waterloo Company’s Four-cylinder engines began to take existing Model N tractor and retained over after John Deere announced its Midwestern US plains, John Deere to the tractor market, selling the Waterloo Boy name while it “New Generation of Power” in 1960. and it was soon joined (1804–1886) the Waterloo Boy tractors began designing a new Model D two-cylinder tractor. The ﬁrst Model D Waterloo Boy at work by other products in a fast- in time to beneﬁt from the wartime to carry the John Deere name arrived This photograph shows a Waterloo Boy tractor in 1923, the ﬁrst in a long series of towing a disc plough in July 1918, the year expanding machinery range. boom, although engines remained its Model Ds available in various versions that its manufacturer, the Waterloo Gasoline until 1953. Later models included the Engine Co., was bought by John Deere. Although tractors were still proving most popular product. General Purpose rowcrop tractor in 1929, the ﬁrst tricycle-style John Deere. difﬁcult to market, many ﬁrms had The John Deere Company had been Major developments during the attempted to sell them. However, by developing tractors since 1912, but it 1930s included the introduction of a hydraulically operated implement lift World War I John Deere was one of was not until 1918 that it ﬁrmly option on the rowcrop Model A. Then in 1938 John Deere joined the styling the few big US farm equipment resolved to enter the tractor market trend, employing the leading industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss to give its companies not selling tractors. by acquiring Waterloo. The Iowan tractor range a new look, starting with the Model A and Model B tractors. Elsewhere, in 1892, John Froelich, company’s tractors had enjoyed a Diesel arrived with John Deere’s seeking a replacement for the costly good reputation but their design was Model R tractor in 1948. The engine was the familiar two-cylinder design, and time-consuming steam tractor, dated and relied on a two-cylinder using an electric motor to engage the small petrol engine that then started designed and built a gas-powered engine at a time when four cylinders the larger diesel. With up to 51 hp available, the Model R was the most engine. The Froelich was probably the were increasingly popular. However, powerful John Deere yet. Model identiﬁcation changed from letters to ﬁrst tractor with a reverse gear, and, when John Deere took control it kept unlike steam engines, it did not the two-cylinder horizontal engine demand a copious coal supply or time design for its new tractors, a set-up Plough that broke the plains In this painting entitled “Reviewing Performance” by Walter Haskell Hinton farmers are witnessing a demonstration of the improved mouldboards on John Deere’s new plough.

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JOHN DEERE . 45 Waterloo Boy Model N GH High-Crop 4020 6210R 1804 John Deere born in Vermont, US 1892 John Froelich builds ﬁrst gasoline tractor 1938 Industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss 1960 John Deere’s new generation of power 1836 John Deere moves to the West and 1893 The Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine streamlines the Model A and B is announced starts a blacksmith’s business in Grand Co. formed to build Froelich tractors 1948 John Deere diesel power arrives with 1961 Two-cylinder engines phased out to Detour, Illinois 1918 Deere experiments with the All-Wheel- the Model R tractor make way for four-cylinder power 1837 The ﬁrst John Deere improved plough made Drive tractor, called the Dain tractor 1953 The Model 70 is launched. At the time 1966 Sales surpass one billion US dollars 1841 75–100 ploughs manufactured by John after its lead engineer of release, it is the largest rowcrop 1980 A 4-row cotton picker is introduced Deere per year 1918 John Deere Co. buys the Waterloo tractor ever made 1992 6000 series full-frame tractor series 1848 John Deere moves to Moline, lllinois Gasoline Traction Engine Co. 1868 The business is fully incorporated as 1923 Model D, the ﬁrst production tractor 1956 Deere & Co. buys Lanz Co., based at introduced Deere & Co. designed by John Deere, launched Mannheim, Germany 2000 John Deere AutoPowr Continuously 1886 Death ofJohn Deere 1934 Model A becomes the ﬁrst production tractor with a hydraulic implement lift 1959 New 8010 tractor with 215-hp, Variable Transmission introduced four-wheel drive and articulated 2011 Intelligent Power Management system steering produced created to limit engine waste New and improved Five models, beginning with the ﬂexible full-frame structure. John Shipping out Sales brochure for a later version of the 36-hp 1010, were announced between Deere underwent another large-scale Barge loads of new John Deere tractors are Model D. By this time, John Deere had 1961 and 1963. Approximately 95 per redesign in 2011 with the 7R series. shipped along the Rhine from the company’s adopted its striking green and yellow livery. cent of the tractors’ components were Only the front axle was carried over Mannheim factory. totally new, and the machines from the older 7030; the engine, featured further styling by Dreyfuss transmission, cab, and hydraulics combine’s grain tank. The device won and an increased emphasis on diesel were all upgraded. a gold medal at 2011’s Agritechnica power. More new models followed in show and is now increasingly available 1963; the 130-hp 5020 was the top Today, John Deere is spearheading on a commercial basis. model, and the main technology research into driverless tractors. advance was the introduction of Despite being an area of interest powershift transmission. for manufacturers for many years, commercial progress has been almost Another new tractor generation non-existent thus far. However, in arrived in 1972 when the 20 series 2011, John Deere demonstrated its new made way for the 30 range. This time Machine Sync remote-control system, the emphasis was on cabs that ensured which allows combine harvester drivers safety and driver comfort. The 6000 to control the speed and steering of a series tractor launch in 1992 brought tractor and trailer accurately and another major development: the remotely while unloading the

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1921–1938 COMING OF AGE

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1921–1938 . 49 COMING OF AGE The arrival of the Fordson with its engine, Key events gearbox, and rear transmission forming the r 1921 International Harvester’s 15-30 model is equipped with a drawbar, belt backbone of the tractor ushered in a new era of pulley, and power takeoff. German manufacturer Lanz introduces the unit construction that other manufacturers were 12-hp HL Bulldog. quick to follow. A few ﬁrms persevered with r 1923 John Deere introduces its ﬁrst two-cylinder tractor, the Model D. The outdated “framed” designs, but most agreed German Benz-Sendling Type BK is the world’s ﬁrst tractor with a high-speed that Ford’s concept was the way forward. diesel engine. The tractor had come of age, and the r 1924 International Harvester launches the Farmall model, introducing the idea manufacturers were keen to consolidate their of a general-purpose rowcrop tractor. position in the marketplace. However, the 1920s r 1927 The Soviet Politburo approves a factory to build Russian versions of the and ‘30s were marked by a severe worldwide International 15-30 model in Stalingrad. economic depression with agriculture falling r 1929 The Wall Street Crash foreshadows the Great Depression, into decline. The US manufacturers, having which led to a severe downturn in agriculture and a declining made greater use of mass-production tractor market. techniques, were able to weather the storm u Dagenham production r 1930 Royal Agricultural Society of much better than their European counterparts, The manufacture of Fordson’s Model N tractor England and University of Oxford and were soon dominating the global markets. was moved to the UK in 1933 following the organize World Tractor Trials. opening of Ford’s Dagenham factory. r 1931 Caterpillar launches its ﬁrst Many of the British makers fell by the wayside to the point where there was only diesel crawler tractor – the Diesel Sixty model. one model of wheeled tractor, the Marshall 18/30, in production in the UK in 1932. r 1932 Allis-Chalmers offers pneumatic To encourage sales, the tractor industry explored new ideas and redeﬁned the tyres as standard on its Model U. concept of power farming with specialist machines for particular markets. It was r 1936 Harry Ferguson’s Type A is built at the David Brown factory, Yorkshire, UK. the era of the rowcrop tractor and the heavy crawler. New features included u Hydraulic lift power takeoff and pneumatic tyres. During this period, the diesel engine also Harry Ferguson’s Type A, the ﬁrst production tractor to feature a hydraulic lift, was launched to great gained a toehold in agriculture, especially in those European countries that did acclaim in 1936. not have access to cheap oil supplies. The most notable invention of the era was the introduction of Harry Ferguson’s hydraulic lift and three-point linkage on his Type A tractor in 1936. Although few realized it at the time, this innovative concept would revolutionize tractor design for many years to come. “ I merely sat on a sack-covered iron seat, and was carried across the ﬁeld by the power of 20 synthetic horses.” HENRY WILLIAMSON (1895–1977) BRITISH WRITER, NATURALIST, FARMER, AND PROLIFIC RURALIST  Progress in mechanization replaces generations of toil on the land according to this 1928 Advance-Rumely advertisement.

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50 . 1921–1938 u Rumely OilPull Model M 20-35 US Consolidation Date 1924–27 Origin USA Engine Rumely 2-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn This was a time for consolidation in the US as some smaller manufacturers disappeared Horsepower 43 hp owing to competition from the mass-produced Fordson or, in some cases, because the new Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Nebraska tractor test programme exposed poor standards of performance and after-sales support. Frameless designs were taking over – another Fordson inﬂuence – and Advance-Rumely was one of the few steam reliability improved. Transmission design advanced only in the 1930s, when inﬂatable traction engine companies that switched rubber tyres allowed faster travel speeds and made a greater choice of gears necessary. successfully to tractors. The 20-35 was among the smaller models but it included familiar OilPull r Avery 45-65 features such as a rectangular cooling tower and a big, slow-speed, two-cylinder engine. Date 1923 Origin USA Engine Avery 4-cylinder horizontally opposed petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 69 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Demand for heavyweight prairie giant tractors faded in the 1920s, but they were still available and for farmers aiming to impress their neighbours the Avery 45-65 might have been a good choice. It weighed almost 10 tons (9,072 kg) with a big engine developing its rated power at a leisurely 634 rpm. u Baker 22-40 Date 1926 Origin USA Engine Beaver 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Baker Co. was a steam traction engine builder and the 22-40 was its ﬁrst tractor. It was a little more than a collection of proprietary parts with an engine from Beaver Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee. A 25–50 tractor with a Wisconsin engine followed in 1927. Rugged and powerful, they remained in production until the late 1930s. u Case 12-20 r Allis-Chalmers 20-35 Date 1927 Origin USA Date 1927 Origin USA Engine J.I. Case 4-cylinder Engine Allis-Chalmers petrol/parafﬁn 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 25.5 hp Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse The distinctive-looking Case The 20-35 was typical of many US “crossmount” series with its transverse tractors in the 1920s. It was sturdy engines is among the tractor industry’s and solidly built, with a big 7.2 l design classics. It was available from 1916 engine producing a modest power until the late 1920s and included the output and earning it a reputation 12-20 model with pressed steel front for reliability. The transmission was and rear wheels. just a basic two-speed gearbox.

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US CONSOLIDATION . 51 u Hart-Parr 18-36 There were two versions of the 18-36 – starting u John Deere General Purpose with the Model G with a two-speed gearbox and Date 1927 Origin USA followed in 1928 by the three-speed Model H. Date 1929 Origin USA Engine Hart-Parr 2-cylinder horizontal petrol/ parafﬁn The 18-36 was still in production in 1929 when Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal Horsepower 43 hp Hart-Parr and three other manufacturers petrol/parafﬁn Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse merged to form the Oliver company. Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse John Deere’s ﬁrst rowcrop tractor arrived in 1927 as the Model C and reappeared in 1928 as the General Purpose. It was one of the ﬁrst tractors with a power-operated implement lift, but the rubber tyres on this 1929 example would have been a later addition. u Minneapolis 27-42 When three companies merged in 1929 to form Minneapolis-Moline, the priorities Date 1929 Origin USA included choosing which products would Engine Minneapolis 4-cylinder petrol remain in production. Survivors included Horsepower 48 hp this tractor previously built by the Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse Minneapolis Threshing Machine Co.

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52 . 1921–1938 Great Manufacturers International International Harvester 10-20 industrial tractor loading For much of the 20th century International Harvester dominated timber in the the North American market, and was the foremost “full-line” 1930s manufacturer of agricultural equipment. Living up to its name, the company was a truly international organization with factories across the US, Canada, the UK, France, Germany, Sweden, and even Russia. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER’S subsidiaries in many countries. The origins date back to 1809 when Virginia old rivalries took a while to fade, and farmer Robert McCormick began for a time the company operated tinkering with a mechanical separate product lines with reaper to harvest his grain. McCormick and Deering Robert’s son, Cyrus Hall being the prominent brands. McCormick, later perfected International entered the the reaper and formed a tractor market in 1906 by partnership to manufacture adopting a proprietary the machine in Chicago. chassis designed to take McCormick’s rival, its single-cylinder William Deering, made “Famous” petrol grain reapers at Plano, Cyrus Hall McCormick stationary engine. IH countered Ford’s attack with a new, Triple power Illinois from 1870. In (1809–1884) Several hundred of lightweight model, the Junior 8-16, One of the ﬁrst tractors to be ﬁtted with 1902 the Deering Harvester these friction-drive based on automotive components. a power takeoff, the 10-20 model was The two industry giants then clashed sold under the “Triple Power” slogan. Company merged with the McCormick machines were built until 1910 when in the so-called “tractor war” with More than 200,000 were built. each drastically slashing prices. Ford Harvesting Machine Company and the model was replaced by an eventually withdrew from the US International at war market after IH introduced its This Industrial I-4 tractor is three other ﬁrms to form the improved gear-drive design with a superior, new “gear-drive” tractors – moving a B-25 Mitchell the 15-30 launched in 1921 and the bomber at North American International Harvester Company friction reverse. 10-20 two years later. Aviation’s Kansas City facility in 1942. Much of IH’s (known as IH). The other constituents By 1910 IH was the US’s largest The company strengthened production capacity was its hold on the industry during diverted to munitions work of the new organization were Warder, tractor manufacturer followed by the 1920s and ‘30s, with several during World War ll. innovations. In 1924 the Farmall Bushnell & Glassner of Ohio, the Rumely and Hart-Parr. The following concept of a general-purpose rowcrop machine was born, sending ripples Milwaukee Harvester Company, and year, it opened its new Tractor Works through the industry. To cope with demand for this new model, IH the Plano Manufacturing Company. in Chicago, which became home to opened the Farmall Works at Rock Island, Illinois, which later became Based in Chicago, IH grew to the Mogul line. These were very the company’s main tractor production centre. become North America’s leading farm much a McCormick product with the Crawlers were added to the line in equipment manufacturer with developments supervised by Edward 1931, and the company began developing a petrol-start diesel A. Johnston, who had joined engine. In November 1936 International brightened its image by McCormick in 1894. changing the colour of its tractors from grey to red – ostensibly to make The Deering faction was responsible for the Titan line, produced at the Milwaukee Works, the former home of the Milwaukee Harvester Company. The move towards a single product line was ﬁnally prompted by competition in the marketplace from Henry Ford and his cut-price Fordson Model F. Titan in the UK To aid in the Ministry of Munitions’ ploughing campaign, nearly 2,000 Titan 10-20 tractors were supplied to the International Harvester Co. of Great Britain during WWl.

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INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER . 53 Titan Type D Farmall 20 Farmall 560 5588 1831 Cyrus Hall McCormick demonstrates 1908 German subsidiary opened at Neuss 1923 International Harvester Company 1949 First British-built International tractor his reaper at Steele’s Tavern, Virginia on the Rhine of Great Britain opens new distribution assembled at Doncaster facility in Liverpool 1870 William Deering begins manufacturing 1910 French plant established at Croix 1958 Problems with American 560 tractor grain reapers at Plano in Illinois 1911 Chicago Tractor Works opens for 1924 International Farmall introduces the sees International surrender US market ﬁrst general-purpose rowcrop tractor leadership to John Deere 1902 Deering merges with McCormick and production of the Mogul line three other ﬁrms to form the 1915 Two-cylinder Titan 10-20 introduced 1925 Farmall Works opens at Rock Island 1979 International unveils innovative 2+2 International Harvester Company (IH) 1933 Petrol-start diesel engine introduced articulated rowcrop tractors at Milwaukee Works 1905 Swedish plant established at 1919 Power takeoff ﬁtted to International on TD-40 crawler 1985 Tenneco acquires International Norrköpping 1937 First German International tractor Harvester’s agricultural line and 8-16 Junior tractor merges it with J.I. Case to form Case 1906 IH builds its ﬁrst tractor. International 1921 International launches its 15-30 assembled at Neuss IH. Farmall Plant closes after building Harvester Company of Great Britain 1941 US factory capacity diverted its ﬁnal tractor created for sales and distribution “gear-drive” tractor followed by the 10-20 model two years later to military production them safer on the road. A modernized International’s dominance in the US Germany, Japan, India, range of “styled” tractors arrived soon was unchallenged until the late 1950s Australia, and Mexico. But afterwards, in 1939. when some badly conceived and problems with labour rushed product releases allowed John relations in the US plunged In 1941 many of IH’s US factories Deere to eat into its market share. By the business into difﬁculty. went onto a military footing to the 1970s IH was overstretched. Its The end came in 1985 after support the war effort. Its wartime unwieldy product line included Tenneco acquired IH’s products included military vehicles, trucks, construction machinery, and agricultural line and merged tanks, torpedoes, guns, and artillery even domestic refrigerators. it with J.I. Case to form shells. During the post-war years, Case IH. On 14 May the International expanded its empire The company fought back with an Farmall Plant closed after still further by establishing tractor ambitious worldwide programme the ﬁnal tractor, a 5488, production in the UK and France and with tractors and components being rolled off the line. reinstating operations in Germany. manufactured in the US, UK, France, Doncaster production Brochure for the British International 85 Series, introduced at Doncaster, Yorkshire in 1981. The range covered six tractors from 53 hp to 85 hp and included a hydrostatic model.

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54 . 1921–1938 Britain Between the Wars u Vickers Aussie Perhaps with an eye to export sales, Vickers called its new tractor launched in 1925 the The 1920s and 1930s were a difﬁcult time for the UK’s tractor industry Date 1925–33 Origin UK Aussie, although the name was dropped in with many leading companies failing to survive. One of the problems Engine Vickers 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn 1926. A special feature was the patented was strong competition from North American imports, while slim proﬁt Horsepower 30 hp self-cleaning design of the rear wheels margins made many UK farmers reluctant to invest in new equipment. Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse developed in Australia. The good news included export success, and the decision to move Fordson production to England was a major boost to the UK’s tractor industry. There were also important technical developments including progress in diesel engine design, plus the launch of the Ferguson System for implement attachment and control. d Saunderson Competition from Fordson in the early 1920s, plus government tractor sales Date 1922 Origin UK from the WWI food production campaign, Engine Saunderson V-twin overhead-valve caused problems for Saunderson. This petrol/parafﬁn new lightweight model in 1922 failed Horsepower 20 hp to attract enough customers, in spite Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse of a three-year warranty. u British Wallis This machine, built by Ruston & Hornsby when they switched from making steam Date 1921 Origin UK engines, was based on an agreement with Engine Ruston 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Wallis Tractor Co., a subsidiary of J.I. Case Horsepower 25 hp Plow Works, to build tractors under licence. Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse It was available for about 10 years from 1919. r Peterbro Date 1925 Origin UK Engine Peterbro 4-cylinder overhead-valve petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 30 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse The Peterbro was built in Peterborough by Peter Brotherhood. It was available from 1920 with a power unit developed by Harry Ricardo, a leading engine designer, but in spite of this, and the addition of a half-track version in 1928, sales were disappointing.

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BRITAIN BETWEEN THE WARS . 55 l Garrett The Agricultural & General Engineers group introduced its Garrett tractor with a choice of Date 1933 Origin UK Aveling & Porter or Blackstone diesel engines at the Engine Gardner 4-cylinder diesel 1930 World Tractor Trials. Just 12 were built before Horsepower 38 hp the AGE group collapsed in 1932. This is a replica of Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse proposals for a version with a Gardner engine.  Marshall 15/30 u Rushton Launched in Britain in 1929 as a competitor to the Fordson in an Date 1930 Origin UK Date C.1929 Origin UK effort to break the US dominance Engine Marshall single-cylinder Engine AEC 4-cylinder of the tractor market, the Rushton two-stroke horizontal diesel petrol/parafﬁn copied much of the Fordson design. Horsepower 30 hp Horsepower 20 hp It was as an offshoot product of the Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 3 forward, Associated Equipment Company 1 reverse (AEC), which built London’s buses. When Marshall developed its new tractor in the late 1920s, it used a single- cylinder diesel engine – a surprise choice when diesel power was almost unknown outside Germany and Italy and most British and US tractor companies used multi-cylinder engines. r Fordson Model N Date 1933 Origin UK Engine Fordson 4-cylinder petrol or petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 23 hp (parafﬁn) Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The decision to move Fordson production from Ireland to the Ford factory in Dagenham was a big boost for the UK’s tractor industry and added to its export success. The tractor seen here was the ﬁrst Dagenham-built Fordson, with rubber tyres from 1935. l Ferguson Type A The principal features of Harry Ferguson’s three-point linkage Date 1937 Origin UK implement attachment and Engine Coventry Climax 4-cylinder control system were developed petrol/parafﬁn by 1930. The ﬁrst production Horsepower 20 hp tractor with the equipment was Transmission 3 forward, the Ferguson Type A or “Ferguson- 1 reverse Brown” available from 1936.

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56 . 1921–1938 Ferguson Type A Harry Ferguson’s ﬁrst tractor, introduced in 1936, resulted from a manufacturing agreement with David Brown. Ofﬁcially called the Type A, it was more commonly known as the “Ferguson-Brown”. The tractor featured Ferguson’s revolutionary hydraulic system, with three-point linkage and automatic depth control. But farmers were put off by the idea of buying special implements, and only 1,350 Type A models were made before production ended in 1939. WHAT MADE FERGUSON’S DESIGN unique was SPECIFICATIONS its combination of draft control – using the tractor’s hydraulics automatically to control the depth of the Model Ferguson Type A Capacity 133 cu.in (2,175 cc) implement in work – with a converging three-point Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse linkage. The linkage lifted the plough out of the ground, Built 1937 Top speed 4.9 mph (8 km/h) and both pulled and carried it in work, transferring its Length 9 ft 5 in (2.9 m) weight onto the tractor’s rear wheels to aid traction. Origin UK Weight 0.8 tons (0.8 tonnes) The line of pull of the implement in work extended Production 1,350 to a theoretical hitch point just behind the tractor’s front axle. This created strong downward thrust on Engine 20 hp Coventry Climax 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn the front wheels to keep the tractor stable, particularly on hillsides. The converging linkage also ensured the Revolutionary tractor plough followed a straight course behind the tractor. The Type A’s integrated linkage made it easier and simpler to The pump powering the hydraulic system was attach implements, but the driven from the gearbox. The top-link, in compression special mounted equipment during work, sent signals to the hydraulic system, proved too expensive for opening and closing a valve to regulate working depth. many farmers. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW

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FERGUSON TYPE A . 57 1 Two furrow plough The Ferguson-Brown with its plough THE DETAILS 2 The Ferguson Type A tractor and the Type B two-furrow, 3 mounted plough were designed as an integral unit. 1. Radiator top casting made The plough was attached to the tractor by a triangulation from aluminium alloy 2. Toolbox of hitch points, consisting of two converging lower links mounted on nearside of engine and a single top-link. Ferguson’s concept was a total 3. Ignition via magneto with farming system, and the product line of matched impulse coupling 4. Quadrant implements included a tiller, ridger, and cultivator. for lever controlling hydraulic system 5. Coil-spring absorbs draft forces acting on top link 4 Petrol compartment Main fuel tank Water 5 for starting fuel holds 9 gallons temperature (41 l) of parafﬁn Vaporizer for running gauge on parafﬁn, made by Gladwell & Kell, offered as an accessory from 1938 Starting handle Transmission Exhaust pipe Pneumatic tyres were housing cast from underslung for optional from 1937 aluminium alloy neatness for lightness

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58 . 1921–1938 European Expansion r Fiat 703 Some tractor development in European countries during Date 1923 Origin Italy the 1920s came from established names such as Fiat in Italy, Engine Fiat 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Renault in France, and the German Benz company, but Horsepower 35 hp there were also numerous small start-ups. The newcomers Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse made a signiﬁcant contribution to Europe’s tractor production, particularly in sectors such as vineyard tractors, The 703 was an improved version of but the failure rate was high. Technical progress in mainland the original 702, Fiat’s ﬁrst production Europe included adopting diesel and hot-bulb engines for tractor. Both were powered by a 6.2-litre tractors. There was a British inﬂuence too as the Austin Fiat truck engine available in petrol and Saunderson Universal tractors were built in France. and petrol/parafﬁn versions, but the 703 engine was uprated to increase the power output further. d Renault PE Date 1927 Origin France Engine Renault 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse A distinctive Renault feature was placing the radiator and cooling fan at the rear of the engine compartment. In front, instead of a radiator, the Renault had an enormous air cleaner. In 1933 the PE became the ﬁrst French-built tractor available with rubber tyres. l Lanz HL12 d Latil KTL The Latil KTL was an unconventional transport tractor with advanced features. Date 1925 Origin Germany Date 1929 Origin France The speciﬁcation included four-wheel drive Engine Lanz single-cylinder hot bulb Engine Latil 4-cylinder petrol through equal-sized wheels, a six-speed Horsepower 12 hp Horsepower 20 hp gearbox with a top speed of 17 mph (27 km/h), Transmission 1 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse and the rare advantage of four-wheel braking. Heinrich Lanz was Germany’s leading manufacturer of hot-bulb or semi- diesel-powered tractors, starting with the Bulldog HL12 designed by Dr Fritz Huber. A total of 6,000 HL12 tractors were produced between 1921 and 1929.

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59 r Fordson Model N Date 1930 Origin Ireland Engine Ford 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Reasons for Henry Ford’s decision to move tractor production from the US to Ireland included creating employment in the land of his ancestors. The transfer during 1928–29 was also an opportunity to make design changes to the 12-year-old Fordson. u Austin Britain’s Austin car company began Date 1928 Origin France making tractors in 1918, but UK sales Engine Austin 4-cylinder were disappointing and production petrol/parafﬁn ended in 1927. Austins assembled in Horsepower 15 hp France were popular with French farmers, and production continued in Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse France, which exported Austins to the UK. u Grillet Built in Bordeaux, a major wine-producing centre, the Grillet was designed for Date 1930 Origin France vineyard work. Its compact size and single Engine Ford Model A 4-cylinder petrol front-wheel steering made it suitable for Horsepower 24 hp small areas, and it could operate equipment Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse attached at the front or the rear. d Deutz MTZ320 Date 1934 Origin Germany Engine Deutz 2-cylinder diesel Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Germany led the way with diesel tractor development during the 1920s and 1930s and the Deutz MTZ320 was an example. As well as the diesel engine with its decompression device for starting, the tractor featured a 11-mph (17.5-km/h) transport speed. u Tirtou This three-wheeled tractor, with handlebar steering just in front Date 1934 Origin France of the fuel tank, appears to have Engine Briban single-cylinder been designed by a motorcycle petrol enthusiast. Surprisingly perhaps, it Horsepower Not known was meant for general farmwork, and Transmission 3 forward, photographs surviving from the 1930s 1 reverse show it pulling a plough.

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60 . 1921–1938 Great Manufacturers Lanz One of the major European agricultural engineering ﬁrms of the early 20th century, Lanz became famous for its simple and reliable Bulldog tractors. John Deere began investing in the ﬁrm in 1956 and owned it outright by 1960. Today the US ﬁrm’s European factory remains at the same Mannheim site where Lanz began. Steam engines and threshing machines were built at Lanz’s Mannheim factory THE SON OF a farm machinery manufacturing operation that More than 200,000 Bulldogs had been built at Mannheim by importer, Heinrich Lanz was born in produced various pieces of ﬁeld and 1956, when production ended. Mannheim, Germany in 1838. He barn equipment. joined the family business in Twelve years later, in 1879, his early twenties, selling Lanz’s company built its ﬁrst British-built equipment to steam power unit, and the the region’s farmers. construction of new machinery Popular items included replaced sales and repairs as the Clayton & Shuttleworth company’s principal activity. Heinrich Lanz died in 1905, but his Lanz agricultural engine, the Bulldog company continued under the moniker had its origins in the likeness threshing machines By the turn of the century, management of family and employees. of the hot bulb located on the head of The product that was to make the the cylinder to the British breed of dog. and Fowler Lanz could comfortably lay ﬁrm globally famous was designed and launched 16 years later, in 1921. To start the tractor, the bulb was steam engines. claim to being Europe’s Dr Fritz Huber, Lanz’s chief engineer, heated with a blowlamp, after which was responsible for the development the detachable steering wheel was It was not long largest farm equipment of what was to become the company’s used to crank the ﬂywheel. This ﬁred best-known product: the Bulldog up the single-cylinder two-stroke before Lanz had manufacturer, with tractor. First branded the HL engine, which relied on heat, rather Landbaumotor, or Heinrich than compression, for combustion. opened his own Heinrich Lanz around 3,000 people The versatile engine could run on business importing, (1838–1905) producing a range of retailing, and repairing farm both non-powered and steam-driven implements, and by 1867 he had implements, including threshing grown it from a small company with machines, at the company’s base just two employees into a full-scale in Mannheim. International popularity A Lanz Bulldog 15/30 is taking part in the 1930 World Tractor Trials in Oxfordshire. It was entered by the British agents, the Locomobile Engineering Co. of London.

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LANZ . 61 Steam HC L2 HR2 Gross John Deere-Lanz 2416 1838 Heinrich Lanz is born, son of a farm 1879 Lanz designs and manufactures its ﬁrst 1929 A more powerful HR2 model is 1955 Launch of the D1616 and D2016 with machinery importer based in steam power unit introduced, producing 22 to 30 hp full diesel engines Mannheim, Germany 1880 Steam engines and threshing machines 1942 Death of Dr. Fritz Huber, designer of 1956 Bulldog production ends, with more 1858 Lanz joins the family business, comprise the main part of Lanz’s output the Bulldog than 200,000 models having been built at Mannheim selling products including Clayton 1900 Lanz employs 3,000 staff in its 1950 Introduction of the D5506, the ﬁrst Lanz & Shuttleworth threshing machines Mannheim factory and is said to be tractor to be built after WWII 1956 Deere & Co. buys a majority share in and Fowler steam engines Europe’s largest farm equipment maker Lanz; subsequent tractors badged 1860 Lanz founds a farm machinery repair 1951 Launch of the Alldog A1205 toolcarrier, John Deere-Lanz business, serving farmers in the vicinity 1905 Death of Heinrich Lanz, aged 67 with 12-hp air-cooled single-cylinder of Mannheim 1921 Launch of the Lanz HL12, the ﬁrst petrol engine 1960 Deere acquires remaining Lanz shares 1867 The Lanz company begins producing 1965 Lanz name disappears from tractor equipment to its own designs Bulldog tractor 1952 Hot bulb replaced with ﬂat-top cylinder 1923 Four-wheel-drive Bulldog HP model head with ignition chamber on new manufacturing with the launch of the D5506 John Deere 20 series with articulated steering is introduced Lanz All Purpose Tractor front wheels larger than those at the to get full production back on stream Pioneer Bulldog This pamphlet illustrates the Bulldog’s inner rear. Over the following decades, until the early 1950s when it By the time model P and S Bulldogs were workings. Simplicity was the tractor’s strength, developments included a crawler introduced a complete six-model introduced, maximum power had increased to and even crude oil could be used as fuel. version of the Bulldog. range. The series spanned 17–36 hp, 55 hp. It featured optional electrical starting. with a six forward and two reverse less-reﬁned fuels, such as parafﬁn and The company delivered its gearbox and pneumatic tyres. By Deere’s ﬁrst products from Mannheim, creosote, in addition to diesel. While 100,000th tractor in 1942, having 1950 a new 55-hp D5506 model was the 300 and 500, co-branded as John the units had just one cylinder, the coped with the various engineering added to the top of the line, with Deere-Lanz, were among a new breed displacement of the models offered demands placed on it by World War some signiﬁcant revisions. This marked of multi-cylinder machines. The Lanz over the tractor’s lifespan covered a II. The Nazi government had dictated the beginning of the end for some of name was swept aside in 1965 by the range from 6.2 to 14.1 litres. However, that diesel and other liquid fuels were Lanz’s best-known design features, John Deere 20 series, but its legacy in the machine’s most common to be conserved for military use. with the hot bulb replaced in 1952 by remains. Bulldog is a common word early format it produced just 12 hp. To provide an alternative, Lanz a ﬂat-top cylinder head incorporating for tractor across Germany today. Transmission was simply a chain drive issued kits to ﬁt its tractors with a an ignition chamber. In 1955 Lanz to the rear wheels, with a lever-type gas generator. These heavy and switched from its single-cylinder clutch, and reversing the tractor unwieldy additions converted other engine design to multi-cylinder diesels was achieved by stopping the engine fuels, typically wood, into gas. on the D1616 and D2016. and restarting it with the ﬂywheel running in the opposite direction. Further challenges came with the By 1956 Bulldogs were being death of Dr Huber in 1942 and built under licence around the globe Later HL models saw engine speed signiﬁcant war damage to Lanz’s but Mannheim was outdated and increase from 420 to 500 rpm and a factory. The company struggled overstaffed. Lanz’s product lines were corresponding jump in power to 15 hp. in dire need of rationalization. The Introduced in 1923 an innovative John Deere-Lanz answer was John Deere, which, four-wheel-drive variant, the Bulldog The number of co-branded John seeking a European tractor production HP, featured articulated steering, with Deere-Lanz Bulldogs was reduced from base, became majority shareholder in 19 to 14 in 1956 and again to 12 in 1957. Lanz in 1956, competing its purchase four years later, in 1960.

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World Tractor Trials between June and September at Wallingford in Oxfordshire, included various trials to determine the power and performance Held in the UK in 1930, this was one of the most important of the tractors under different loads and conditions. machinery events of the time. The trials, open to any machines manufactured in any country, with no restrictions as to weight Drawbar tests were carried out using a dynamometer car. The or horsepower, attracted entries from the UK, Ireland, USA, car’s rear wheels were connected to a generator, which provided France, Germany, Hungary, and Sweden. The results achieved the load. The load could be varied by altering the resistance of global recognition, and the information provided proved the generator. Sometimes, a spare tractor was hitched to the invaluable to tractor makers, farmers, and users for many years. rear of the car to provide an additional load. Belt and ploughing tests were also carried out as part of the trials. TESTING THE TRACTORS One of the British entries, a Vickers tractor, is being connected to the The trials were organized by the Royal Agricultural Society of dynamometer car with a Lanz 18/30 adding to the load. England in conjunction with the Institute of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Oxford. The testing, done

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64 . 1921–1938 r Twin City KT North American Date 1930 Origin USA Rowcrops Engine Minneapolis-Moline 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn The vast size and diversity of the farming industry in the Horsepower 26 hp US and Canada created a demand for specialized tractors, Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse including the popular rowcrop models designed for working between the rows of maize and other vegetables. The company making Twin City Essential features included space for carrying implements tractors joined others in a 1929 under the tractor, a good view forwards to allow accurate merger to form Minneapolis-Moline, steering between the rows and, for some crops, twin or and the Twin City name continued single front wheels for increased manoeuvrability. for about three years. The KT or Kombination Tractor was designed for versatility with a standard front axle and high-clearance for row crops. u Allis-Chalmers WC The WC was one of the most popular u International Farmall F-12 Date 1936 Origin USA of the rowcrop models during the 1930s Date 1935 Origin USA Engine International 4-cylinder Engine Allis-Chalmers 4-cylinder parafﬁn and 1940s with more than 170,000 sales. petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 16 hp when burning petrol engine; a petrol version was available Allis-Chalmers was the company that Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 21 hp introduced rubber tyres on tractors, The rowcrop tractor idea came from and in 1934 the WC became the ﬁrst Bert R. Benjamin of International who Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse designed the ﬁrst Farmall. Production rubber-tyred tractor tested at Nebraska. started in 1924 with output totalling 100,000 by 1930, and new models introduced in 1932 included the entry level F-12 for small acreages. r International Farmall F-20 Date 1933 Origin USA Engine International 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 23 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The F-20 was the model that replaced Bert R. Benjamin’s original Farmall. It was available from 1932 with a number of design improvements introduced later including a power increase to 28 hp and the option of rubber tyres.

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NORTH AMERICAN ROWCROPS . 65 l John Deere Model B Date 1936 Origin USA Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 16 hp (ﬁrst-production version) Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The B was one of the models chosen to introduce John Deere’s new design look in 1938, and this tractor is a “styled” example. The Model B is also an example of faster engine speeds as power outputs increased, and with 1,150 rpm rated speed it was the ﬁrst John Deere engine to exceed 1,000 rpm. u Oliver 70 Rowcrop u Silver King Date 1937 Origin USA Date 1937 Origin USA Engine Oliver 6-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Engine Hercules 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 30 hp Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Oliver was formed in 1929 in a merger that Silver King tractors from the Fate-Root- included Hart-Parr, one of the US’s pioneer Heath company included this 3-wheel model, tractor companies. Tractors built after the a classic rowcrop design with generous merger, including the early 70 rowcrop models, ground clearance and a tricycle-style single carried the Oliver Hart-Parr brand name at ﬁrst, front wheel. A special design feature was the but by 1937 this was shortened to Oliver. unusually high 25 mph (40 km/h) top speed for tractors equipped with rubber tyres. u Case CC Other manufacturers reacted to the success of the Farmall by introducing rowcrop models Date 1937 Origin USA of their own. The Case version was based on Engine Case 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn their small Model C tractor, which was modiﬁed Horsepower 30 hp with twin front wheels, adjustable wheel track Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse settings, and extra ground clearance. r Eagle 6B Date 1938 Origin USA Engine Hercules 6-cylinder petrol Horsepower 40 hp maximum Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Eagle company offered their six-cylinder tractor in two versions during the 1930s. The 6C was the general-purpose version, and the 6B was basically the same tractor in a rowcrop model with tricycle-style dual front wheels and increased ground clearance.

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66 . 1921–1938 Massey-Harris GP The Massey-Harris General Purpose, or GP, was not the earliest four-wheel drive tractor, but it was the ﬁrst to go into mass production. The design offered near-perfect weight distribution, a good turning circle, exceptional clearance for rowcrop work, and unbeatable traction. The model lived up to its name in every respect but one – it was short on power, and was given a disappointing 22-hp drawbar rating when tested at Nebraska. MASSEY-HARRIS was a Canadian concern, but the GP, introduced The GP export model Pedestal for clutch in 1930, was built in the US at the former Wallis factory at Racine in GP models exported to the UK were painted and gear levers Wisconsin. The tractor’s four-wheel-drive concept was ahead of its green with red wheels instead of the grey and time, and with a little more power the model might have fared red livery for the US market. The tractor was better in the marketplace. available in various tread widths; this is the standard 66-in (167.6-cm) version. The drive from the four-cylinder Hercules engine was taken from beneath the front axle to a three-speed gearbox. A gear-set on top of Final drives the gearbox transmitted the drive to the front and rear differentials. running in The front drive-steer axle had a brake band on each differential shaft to aid steering. The drive to the rear axle was via an an enclosed enclosed torque-tube, which swivelled to allow the axle to oil-bath oscillate and follow the contours of the ground. The GP was listed by Massey-Harris from 1930 to 1938. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW

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MASSEY-HARRIS GP . 67 SPECIFICATIONS THE DETAILS 1 Model Built Massey-Harris GP 1. Massey-Harris name adorns top of Origin 1932 Modine radiator 2. Front axle steered via Production USA ball-joints 3. Pinion on axle shaft meshes Engine approx. 3,000 with a ring gear 4. Belt pulley was optional 24 hp Hercules 4-cylinder 5. Levers on steering wheel column Capacity petrol/parafﬁn controlling clutch and gear selection Transmission 226 cu.in (3,703 cc) Top speed 4 forward, 1 reverse 2 Length 4 mph (6 km/h) Weight 9 ft 11 in (3 m) 1.7 tons (1.8 tonnes) Exhaust pipe Fuel tank holds 14 gallons (63.6 l) 3 4 5 Starting handle Hercules OCC engine From 1930 to 1935 the GP was ﬁtted with a Hercules OCC engine: a four-cylinder side-valve petrol unit with a Zenith carburettor. Later tractors had an overhead-valve Hercules engine, but the power was unchanged at 24 hp.

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68 . 1921–1938  International 10-20 International’s McCormick-Deering 10-20 became a tractor industry classic. General Purpose Date 1930 Origin USA Production totalled more than 200,000 Engine International 4-cylinder spread over 16 years, with success Power farming advanced rapidly during the 1920s and 1930s as large petrol/parafﬁn based on a reputation for long-term numbers of working horses and mules were replaced by tractors. US and Horsepower 20 hp reliability. It was among the ﬁrst Canadian farms were at the forefront of the trend, creating a big demand Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse tractors with a power takeoff (PTO). for versatile, general-purpose tractors designed to operate a wide range of machinery: many were equipped with a belt pulley for stationary operation. Popular models were mechanically simple, usually with four-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn engines and outputs of around 30 hp to 45 hp. r Rumely 6-A This was the last new model from the Advance-Rumely Thresher Co. It was Date 1931 Origin USA designed as a high-speciﬁcation, Engine Waukesha 6-cylinder six-cylinder tractor with a premium petrol/parafﬁn price, but demand was disappointing Horsepower 48 hp and in 1931 the company was taken Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse over by Allis-Chalmers. l Massey-Harris GP Four-wheel drive made a big contribution to tractor efﬁciency, Date 1932 Origin USA but it was still a novelty when Engine Hercules 4-cylinder Massey-Harris included it on their petrol/parafﬁn GP model in 1930. Farmers were Horsepower 24 hp concerned about the extra cost and Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse sales were disappointing.

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GENERAL PURPOSE . 69 l Allis-Chalmers Model U Date 1933 Origin USA Engine Allis-Chalmers 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 34 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Model U was an ordinary tractor, but in 1932 it became the ﬁrst production model with inﬂatable rubber tyres. It was a huge breakthrough, as replacing the old steel wheels allowed faster speeds and avoided road damage. u Case Model C The Model C and the larger Model L were the u International W-12 The W-12 was the general-purpose ﬁrst Case tractors with a more conventional version of the F-12, International’s Date 1934 Origin USA longitudinal engine position instead of Date 1935 Origin USA smallest Farmall rowcrop model. To Engine Case 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn the transverse layout used previously. The Engine International 4-cylinder gain extra sales there was also an Horsepower 27 hp Model C also featured the Case ﬁnal drive petrol/parafﬁn O-12 orchard model and the I-12 Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse using a rugged spur gear and chain. Horsepower 15 hp industrial version, all sharing the same Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse mini-sized mechanical speciﬁcation. r Graham-Bradley 104 d Huber Modern Farmer Model L Date 1938 Origin USA Date 1937 Origin USA Engine Graham-Paige 6-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Engine Waukesha 4-cylinder Horsepower 32 hp petrol/parafﬁn Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 43 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Graham-Paige Motors built up-market cars in Detroit, but falling sales persuaded them to add high-speciﬁcation Huber made farm machinery in the Graham-Bradley tractors to their range in 1937. In spite 1860s and progressed to tractors, but they of the 104’s streamlined styling and 20 mph (32 km/h) never achieved big sales. New tractors top speed the tractors were not a success. announced in 1937, including the Model L, were the last to carry the Huber name as l Oliver 80 the factory closed in the early 1940s. Date 1940 Origin USA Engine Oliver 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 36 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The 80 models were Oliver’s mid-range tractors, available as a rowcrop or with the standard or general-purpose layout as shown. A diesel 80 available from 1940 was among the ﬁrst general-purpose tractors with this engine type.

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70 . 1921–1938 Fowler Gyrotiller The legendary Gyrotiller, or “rotary plough” as it was sometimes known, was originally developed for the cultivation of sugarcane in the West Indies. Manufactured by John Fowler of Leeds, the ﬁrst machine was completed in 1927 to the patents of Norman Storey, an estate manager in Puerto Rico. The Gyrotiller was built in several sizes, but just 67 of the largest versions were made before production ended in 1935. STOREY DEVELOPED the concept of using two contra- Deep cultivator rotating rings of tines for the deep cultivation of sugarcane, The only remaining 170-hp machine still in running order and then assigned manufacturing rights to Fowler. Early is this Gyrotiller, which was delivered new to the Surrey machines had thirsty 225-hp Ricardo petrol engines, which contractors, A.J. Ward & Son of Egham, on 6 April 1935. were soon replaced by 150-hp industrial diesel engines The purchase price was reputed to be £6,000. sourced from MAN in Germany. Subsequent models all had MAN diesel engines, eventually up-rated to 170 hp. Main fuel tank holds 120 gallons Around half of the larger Gyrotillers built were supplied (545.5 l) of diesel to British contractors, who used them for arable cultivations and land reclamation. The machines were often unreliable and costly to operate, using 8 gallons (36 l) of fuel per hour. Farmers felt they were not getting value for money unless the ground was cultivated as deeply as possible, which destroyed the soil structure and gave the Gyrotillers an unfair reputation for damaging the land. Auxiliary fuel tank holds 80 gallons (363.7 l) FRONT Front wheel MAN VIEW steered by six-cylinder engine power diesel engine REAR VIEW Tracks spread the weight to prevent soil compaction

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SPECIFICATIONS Fowler Gyrotiller 170 hp THE DETAILS 1 FOWLER GYROTILLER . 71 Model 1935 2 Built UK 1. Directional arrow shows position of 3 Origin 67 front wheel 2. Tachometer indicates Production 170 hp MAN 6-cylinder diesel engine revolutions 3. CAV Bosch 4 Engine 1,937 cu.in (31,750 cc) Model PE fuel injection pump for Capacity 2 forward, 1 reverse with high/ MAN diesel engine 4. Control levers Transmission low gearbox operating steering clutches, brakes, 2 mph (3 km/h) transmission, and rotors Top speed 26 ft 3in (8 m) 5. Contra-rotating rotor rings each Length 25 tons (25.4 tonnes) ﬁtted with four tines Weight Lever to raise rotary tillers Operator’s seat 5 Control levers for steering clutches and brakes Lift for tillers is chain operated Compensating springs allow rotary tillers to “ﬂoat” when in work Tines can cultivate to a depth of 20 in (50.8 cm)

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72 . 1921–1938 Crawler l Georges Vidal Vineyard Market Grows Date 1925 Origin France The crawler tractor market in the UK between the Engine Baudoin 4-cylinder petrol wars was dominated by imported machines, mainly Horsepower 30 hp from the US. Several old British steam engine Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse companies produced some promising track-type designs, but most failed to make any impact on the Vidal started building tractors in 1920, its market. The Fowler Gyrotiller was the exception, as intended market being the vineyards in it was found to be the ideal machine for reclaiming the Listel and Corbières wine region. A land that had fallen derelict during the Depression. version of the tractor was built to run on The German machines from Lanz and Hanomag producer gas, in this case generated from were successful in their home markets, but struggled wood, from the generator built onto the abroad against the US tractors such as Caterpillar, back of the tractor. Only 20 hp was International, Cletrac, and Allis-Chalmers. available when run on this fuel. d Case Model L Roadless r International T20 Trac-TracTor Date 1938 Origin UK Date 1933 Origin USA Engine Case 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Engine International 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 42 hp Horsepower 28 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The ﬁtting of Roadless tracks to the Case Model L The T20 was the smallest of International’s was an attempt to improve its tractive capabilities. crawlers up to 1939. It shared its engine with The result did not produce a popular machine. The International’s wheeled tractors of similar ratios of the three-speed gearbox were not ideally horsepower. The design of the transmission suited to crawler work, and the design of the layout was unique to International Trac- Roadless tracks meant that the tractor pitched fore TracTors: it allowed access to the steering and aft on anything but level ground. A waterproofed clutches from the rear of the machine without version was built for launching lifeboats. having to dismantle the transmission case.

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CRAWLER MARKET GROWS . 73 r Fowler 75 Date 1935 Origin UK Engine Fowler 6A 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 75 hp Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse These tractors were produced from 1931 to c.1937, and initially nearly all had a Gyrotiller attachment. The tractor shown here is ﬁtted with a cable winch and spent its entire working life at the Daventry Wireless Mast Establishment. It is the only one known to exist that was sold new as a tractor and not a Gyrotiller. u Fowler Gyrotiller The ﬁrst Gyrotiller was shipped to Cuba in 1927 and powered by a 225hp Ricardo Date 1935 Origin UK petrol engine. Three more were built with Engine MAN 6-cylinder diesel this engine, but as they consumed 14gallons Horsepower 170 hp (64 litres) of petrol an hour they were soon Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse changed for MAN diesels. These large with high/low gearbox Gyrotillers cost £6,000 each; 67 were built. r Caterpillar 15 Introduced in 1928 the Caterpillar 15 was at that time a modern and up-to- Date 1931 Origin USA date tractor. In 1931 the colour of all Engine Caterpillar 4-cylinder petrol Caterpillar tractors was changed from Horsepower 25 hp battleship grey to “Hi-Way” yellow. A Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse small number came to the UK when new.  Lanz Bulldog HR8 Model D9550 Date 1935 Origin Germany Engine Lanz single-cylinder 2-stroke hot bulb semi-diesel Horsepower 38 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse This crawler rightly earned a reputation as a simple, reliable, and long-lived machine. Apart from the inconvenience of having to use a blow lamp to start the hot-bulb engine, the single-cylinder engine was foolproof. Clutch and brake steering meant there was no loss of power during turns. r International TD35 Trac–TracTor u Caterpillar R2 4J Date 1937 Origin USA Date 1940 Origin USA Engine International 4-cylinder Engine Caterpillar 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn petrol-start diesel Horsepower 27 hp Horsepower 42 hp Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse The ﬁve-speed R2 was the spark-ignition version International introduced its range of diesel of the diesel D2. Apart from their engines the two crawlers in the early 1930s. The design of tractors were identical; both were offered as a 44-in the diesel engines was unusual in that they (112-cm) standard gauge, or a 50-in- (127-cm-) wide were started on petrol and, when warmed gauge tractor. Production of the R2 ceased in 1942 up, turned over to diesel. On the TD35 the to make room for increased production of tractors changeover occurred automatically; on required by the Allies for WWII. Much of the later models this was done manually. production run was shipped to the UK.

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Aircraft-towing Tractors One of the tractor’s more interesting applications was the ground movement of both military and civilian aircraft. The early commercial “airports” were little more than grass aerodromes. When the long-range routes were opened up and the airliners became larger and heavier, tractors were pressed into service to handle the aircraft on the ground. As aviation came of age, and grass aprons gave way to tarmac runways, the requirements for aircraft movement became more specialized and companies like County, David Brown, Douglas, and Reliance-Mercury built dedicated aircraft tugs. Civil airports also used tractors for snow clearance and de-icing runways. IMPERIAL AIRWAYS The UK’s Imperial Airways, formed in 1924, was one of the ﬁrst airlines to use tractors for ground movement. In the 1930s Imperial bought a Rushton Roadless for its ﬂying boat base at Hythe on Southampton Water to move and launch Short seaplanes. A second Roadless, this time based on a Fordson, was bought for Imperial’s landplane operations at Croydon, Surrey. Both tractors were full-track crawlers ﬁtted with Roadless rubber-jointed tracks for silent running. Roadless, based at Hounslow in Middlesex, focused on building specialized tractors for speciﬁc purposes, and several of its machines also had military applications. A Fordson Roadless at Croydon airport handling a Handley Page HP42W aircraft, which was in service on Imperial’s long-haul routes from 1931 to 1937.

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76 . 1921–1938  Avance Super Crude Oil Tractor The First Diesels Date 1927 Origin Sweden Engine Avance 2-cylinder 2-stroke The advantages of the diesel engine for tractors had hot bulb semi-diesel been recognized by the mid-1920s, but manufacturing Horsepower 35 hp units for the ﬁeld raised problems. The diesel engine Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse was more fuel-efﬁcient and it burned a cheaper fuel oil that took less reﬁning than petrol. However, The Avance tractor had unique features. engineers had to make engines that were light and To start the engine, the ignition plugs for cheap enough to install. The fuel injection system each cylinder had ﬁrst to be heated. An components needed to be reliable and adjustment- electrical system was provided to do this, free in the ﬁeld. The single-cylinder, hot-bulb engines, which required the tractor to be ﬁtted with favoured by European manufacturers, went some a battery and generator. Early examples way to address these issues, as they needed only one suffered from broken crankshafts and had set of injection equipment per tractor. to be rebuilt using modiﬁed components. u HSCS K40 u Bubba UT6 Date 1935 Origin Hungary Date 1930 Origin Italy Engine HSCS single-cylinder horizontal Engine Bubba single-cylinder horizontal 2-stroke hot bulb semi-diesel hot bulb semi-diesel Horsepower 40 hp Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse HSCS was founded in the early 20th century as The company claimed that Bubba tractors could Hofherr–Schrantz–Clayton–Shuttleworth. It was a burn oils derived from shale, heavy naptha, and tar partnership between a group of Hungarian distillation. This was possible as hot-bulb engines have businessmen and Clayton & Shuttleworth of the UK. relatively low engine speed and low injection pressures, The arrangement continued until 1921 when Clayton allowing heavy fuels to be burnt slowly. relinquished its interest. HSCS built its ﬁrst tractor in 1923 following the Lanz single-cylinder design. Production continued into the 1950s. r Caterpillar Sixty Atlas Date 1928 Origin USA Engine Atlas-Imperial 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 65 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse By the late 1920s Caterpillar was facing demands from its customers for a diesel track-type tractor. One or two frustrated customers even started experiments of their own, and one of the results is seen here. In 1928 Henry Kaiser of the Kaiser Paving Co. and Fletcher Walker of the Red River Lumber Co. converted a handful of these Caterpillars and Monarch 75s using Atlas marine diesel engines. These engines were complicated and very heavy, even for a track-type tractor, and the conversions met with limited success.

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THE FIRST DIESELS . 77 u Bolinder-Munktell 22HK This company started tractor production in 1913, and continued into Date 1921 Origin Sweden the 1970s. The 22HK was designed with Engine Munktell 2-cylinder 2-stroke unit construction, the engine, gearbox, hot bulb semi-diesel and rear axle forming the frame of the Horsepower 26 hp tractor. As an unusual feature, it Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse had an oil-bath air cleaner.  Vierzon H2 u Lanz HR2 Gross “Bulldog” Date 1936 Origin France Date 1926 Origin Germany Engine Vierzon single-cylinder horizontal Engine Lanz single-cylinder horizontal 2-stroke 2-stroke hot bulb semi-diesel hot bulb semi-diesel Horsepower 50 hp Horsepower 22 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Before starting to produce tractors in 1931, The Lanz was copied by many manufacturers of this Vierzon manufactured agricultural machinery. type of tractor. The HR2 was the earliest of the larger Production of tractors continued until the late machines, with its name “Bulldog” becoming famous. 1950s when Case bought an interest in the A feature of the Lanz tractors was that the steering company. Case at one time built a few tractors wheel was removed from the column and attached for the French market in the Vierzon factory. to the ﬂywheel to start the engine. The tractors followed the general design of the German Lanz. r Marshall 12-20 Date 1938 Origin UK Engine Marshall single-cylinder horizontal 2-stroke diesel Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The 12-20 was the ﬁrst successful model produced by Marshall, being lighter and cheaper than its earlier models. This was the forerunner of the famous Field-Marshall line, all of which were very economical to operate. Marshall adopted the design of the German Lanz, but opted for a full diesel. The 12-20 was excellent for driving threshing machines.  McDonald TWB Imperial Date 1938 Origin Australia Engine McDonald single-cylinder horizontal 2-stroke hot bulb semi-diesel Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The TWB tractor was produced from 1931 to 1944. The transmission and chassis was a close copy of a Rumely design for which McDonald adapted its “T” type engine. In line with all McDonald products it was a rugged and simple design with the engine following the Lanz principle. McDonald also built roadrollers in quite large numbers, and later were importers of rollers, roadbuilding, and general farm and road machinery.

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78 . 1921–1938 Great Manufacturers Benjamin Holt and British Caterpillar Major General E.D. Swinton meeting at Holt’s Stockton A world leader in its ﬁeld, Caterpillar Inc. is a major manufacturer Plant on 22 April 1918 supplying customers in more than 180 countries from 93 principal facilities. Today Caterpillar Inc. builds in excess of 300 products, from construction and mining equipment to diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines, and diesel-electric locomotives. THE STORY OF CATERPILLAR machinery in 1869 before later machine that incorporated began in the early years of machinery moving on to building both steam their “Link Belt Drive” development on the West Coast of and gas traction engines. invention. This mechanism the US. Its twin origins can be traced prevented the machine from back to the Holt brothers (who Charles Holt and his inventor damage caused by over- established the Stockton Wheel brother Benjamin started the speeding if the 30 or more Company to supply wooden wagon Stockton Wheel Company in 1863, mules required to haul the wheels, poles, and axles) and Daniel after moving from New Hampshire to machine bolted. The Holts Best who began manufacturing farm Stockton, California. In 1886 they built their ﬁrst steam traction sold their ﬁrst combine harvester, a engine in 1890, and two Early ﬁeld trials years later they formed the Holt’s new petrol-powered, Holt Manufacturing Company. Caterpillar 2-ton tractor, c.1927 track-type tractor is trialled Probably staged to demonstrate ease of use, in 1908 over the deep, The soil in the Stockton district was this Caterpillar is shown pulling a mole- peaty soils found near deep, black peat, which could not draining plough by the British dealers Tractor the Holt plant. support the weight of a steam-traction Traders Ltd of Westminster Square, London. engine. To overcome this, Holt tried some cases made the tractor more ﬁtting wide wheels to its than 30 ft (9 m) wide. These wheels machines, which in were only partially successful, so Holt looked for a better solution. Although not a new idea, it decided to ﬁt a set of tracks to one of its steam traction engines. The machine was tested in November 1904 and proved to be an immediate success; it

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CATERPILLAR . 79 Best 60 60 Atlas D7 Challenger 65 1863 Holt Brothers form the Stockton Wheel 1928 Caterpillar Tractor Company purchase 1964 Sales exceed a billion dollars 1995 Chief Executive Magazine names Company, incorporated as the Holt Russell Graders 1972 Caterpillar 225, a 360-degree Caterpillar board in the top ﬁve in USA Manufacturing Company in 1892 1931 The ﬁrst diesel – Caterpillar 60 Atlas excavator is introduced 1998 Caterpillar acquire Perkins Diesel 1871 Daniel Best forms his farm equipment – enters the market 1976 Sales exceed US$5 billion Engines company, which he later sells to Holt 1977 High-Drive D10 tractor introduced. 1942 Caterpillar enters military production 1982 US$180 million loss reported; the ﬁrst 1999 Caterpillar becomes the world’s largest 1910 C.L. Best Gas Traction Company formed 1946 Largest expansion programme in the producer of diesel engines 1925 The Caterpillar Tractor Company loss since 1932 company’s history to date announced 1986 Company reorganized under its present 2002 Agricultural equipment assets sold to formed on 15 April from the merger of 1951 Caterpillar Tractor Company Ltd formed AGCO Holt Manufacturing Company and C.L. name Caterpillar Inc. in England, the ﬁrst overseas facility 1987 Caterpillar Challenger 65 introduced. 2011 Caterpillar Inc. acquires Bucyrus Best Gas Traction Company 1955 Caterpillar D9 introduced International for US$8.8 billion, 1927 The ﬁrst Caterpillar designed model, 1956 Plans announced to establish Plans announced to close Glasgow the biggest acquisition in the 1988 New Caterpillar trademark introduced company’s history the 20, is launched production in Glasgow, Scotland The 1944 annual report concentrated on these orders during In 1919 Best released its Model 60, it claimed to be the largest producer Caterpillar produces an annual report giving the war, but when peace came it was one of the most signiﬁcant landmarks of diesel engines in the world. During a perspective of the company’s performance left with huge numbers of machines in crawler tractor design. This brought World War II Caterpillar focused on over the previous 12 months. This one focuses and no immediate market for them. renewed pressure on Holt to settle supplying the requirements of the on the war effort for World War II. Holt therefore supplied equipment to with Best and on 15 April 1925 the Allies. In 1946 the company the US Army from its earliest days two companies merged to form the announced the largest expansion was around this time that the name and Caterpillar continues to supply Caterpillar Tractor Company. Their programme in its history. Since then “Caterpillar” was ﬁrst used to describe this market today. product line was rationalized with continuous, well-funded research and the Holt track-type tractors. By 1906 Best machines at the forefront. development programmes have the commercial production of these Daniel Best, like the Holt brothers, Caterpillar then bought the resulted in advanced machine design, machines was underway and two built combine harvesters and Russell Grader Manufacturing such as the rubber Mobil-trac system years later Holt was ready to place progressed to steam traction engine Company in 1928. The new developed for the Caterpillar 65 and its ﬁrst internal combustion engine, production in 1889, but he sold out to company now had the launched in 1987, and the Hi-Drive, track-type tractor on the market. the Holt Manufacturing Company in resources and range of steel-tracked tractors. These Holt moved east and set up a 1908. Daniel’s son, Clarence Leo Best, expertise to technological advances have led to manufacturing facility in Peoria, Holt’s arch rival in the production of develop the much continued customer demand and Illinois, which is now the site of the track-type tractors, formed the C.L. needed diesel conﬁdence in the Caterpillar product. world headquarters of Caterpillar Inc. Best Gas Traction Company in 1910, tractor to add to Caterpillar’s machines are backed up moving into his father’s old premises its product line. by a world-class spare parts availability The Holt Manufacturing Company in San Leandro, California, in 1916. The ﬁrst and supply system. Although it sold its continued to develop its track-type From here Best built high-quality Caterpillar diesel agricultural division to AGCO in 2002, tractors and became the market leader tractors using the latest technology and ﬁnally appeared on today Caterpillar’s product line consists for this type of machine. With the materials. Although Holt was still twice the market in late 1931, followed of more than 300 different machines. coming of World War I in 1914 the the size of the C.L. Best Gas Traction in 1933 by a range of new diesel Allies began to order considerable Company, court cases over patent tractors. This placed the company Advanced technology quantities of Holt tractors. Holt rights and subsequent loss of market ahead of the competition and by 1938 This cutaway of the Caterpillar’s revolutionary share had severely weakened Holt. Challenger 65 shows the engine, gearbox, and Technical support hydraulic-over-mechanical steering system. An example of one of the many different styles of maintenance guides put out for customer information.

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1939–1951 WAR AND PEACE

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1939–1951 . 83 WAR AND PEACE The tractor had a signiﬁcant role to play in Key events World War ll not just in mobilizing the farms r 1939 Ford’s UK general manager persuades the Ministry of Agriculture and bringing more land under the plough, but to establish a pool of tractors for the War Agricultural Committees. also in a military guise: moving aircraft and r 1940 UK’s Air Ministry asks David artillery, establishing beachheads, and Brown to supply aircraft-towing tractors to the RAF for grass airﬁelds. constructing airﬁelds. r 1941 Tractor production at Dagenham During the war, the UK tractor population disrupted by Luftwaffe bombing raids. rose from 55,000 in 1939 to 140,000 in 1944. r 1941 US Congress passes the Lend- Lease Act. Most were supplied by Ford’s Dagenham plant, r 1942 The Cleveland Tractor Co. is which had been awarded the Ministry of Supply awarded contract to supply military crawlers to the US armed forces. contract for tractor production. At its peak, it r 1942 US Army employs Caterpillar, was building a Fordson tractor every 17 minutes International, and Allis-Chalmers heavy crawlers to build the Ledo Road. and 36 seconds. By the end of World War II u New styling more than 19 million acres (7.7 million hectares) International’s TracTracTor crawler range was r 1944 Lanz’s Mannheim plant severely of land were in arable production in the UK. revamped in 1939 with a line of new models damaged by Allied bombing. featuring styling by Raymond Loewy. r 1945 The Stalingrad tractor plant in The tractor industries of almost all of the world’s nations were affected, Russia awarded the Order of the Patriotic War First Class for the mass either directly or indirectly, by the conﬂict. The dark days of war stiﬂed heroism of its staff during World War ll. development, and most manufacturers soldiered on with outdated designs r 1946 The Ferguson TE-20 goes into production in Coventry, UK. The British that were little changed from those of the previous decade. In Germany, fuel Nufﬁeld tractor is announced, but not launched until 1948. shortages were a problem, and tractors were converted to run on producer r 1947 The Polish Ursus factory, badly gas, generated from burning wood or coke. The manufacturing shortfall in the damaged during WWll, starts tractor production with the C-45 model. UK was made up by the mighty US tractor industry. Between 1941 and 1945, r 1949 International Harvester Co. of some 30,000 wheeled tractors and 5,000 crawlers were shipped to the UK Great Britain begins tractor production at the new Doncaster factory. under the wartime Lend–Lease scheme. u Building the Ledo Road US manufacturers had moved into a new era of styled tractors ﬁnished in vivid US crawlers worked on military construction projects including building the Ledo Road, a 1,079-mile hues, bringing a welcome splash of colour to the austerity years. Post-war food (1,736-km) military supply route from India to China. shortages drove the agricultural recovery, and the tractor industry ﬂourished like never before. By 1949 as mechanization became universal, the number of tractors on US farms was double the 1940 tally of 1.5 million. “ Indeed, we have now, by a good margin, the most highly mechanized agriculture in the world.” ROBERT SPEAR HUDSON, UK MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES, 1940-45  Fordson E27N Major tractor production at Dagenham in 1948 from a painting by Terence Cuneo.

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84 . 1939–1951 Tractors with Styling The emphasis during the early years of tractor development was on performance and reliability, not appearance. The situation started to change during the 1920s as the tractor market became more competitive, and from the mid-1930s onwards appearances had moved up the priority list. Designers, particularly in the US, were inﬂuenced by the car industry where the old boxy shapes were being replaced by the new streamlined look. Subdued greys and greens were often replaced by brighter, more eye-catching paint ﬁnishes. u Minneapolis-Moline UDLX Minneapolis-Moline decided incorrectly that there was a market Date 1938 Origin USA for a comfortable tractor with a steel Engine Minneapolis-Moline cab, two-padded seats, a 40 mph 4-cylinder petrol (64 km/h) top speed, a heater, and Horsepower 46 hp even an ashtray. The UDLX ended Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse production with only 125 made. l International W-4 Demand for diesel tractors in the US was almost non-existent in the late Date 1940 Origin USA 1930s so the W-4 engine was Engine International 4-cylinder available in petrol only and petrol/ petrol only or petrol/parafﬁn parafﬁn versions. When both were Horsepower 22 hp on petrol, tested at Nebraska, the petrol- 24 hp on parafﬁn fueled engine produced 10 per Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse cent more power output. r Minneapolis-Moline GT Date 1941 Origin USA Engine Minneapolis 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse If there was a prize for the most eye-catching 1930s tractors, Minneapolis-Moline’s bright yellow paint ﬁnish would probably win. The GT with its “ﬁve-plow” US power rating was the most powerful model in the 1938 batch of new tractors. l Massey-Harris 102 Senior Date 1941 Origin USA Engine Continental 6-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 47 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The 102 is the petrol/parafﬁn version of the 101 petrol model, and both are available in four-cylinder Junior and six-cylinder Senior versions. Massey-Harris used the US “three-plow” power rating to describe the output.

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85 l John Deere Model D Date 1945 Origin USA Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse up to 1934; 3 forward from 1935 The ﬁrst production tractor designed by John Deere was the Model D. Various versions were available for more than 30 years, all with the simple, two-cylinder engine design that became one of the tractor industry’s most successful power units. u Cockshutt 30 As well as the Cockshutt 30 identity, this tractor was also available as the Co-op Date 1948 Origin Canada E-3 and the Farmcrest 30. None of the Engine Buda 4-cylinder petrol three brands achieved big sales and Horsepower 30 hp the Cockshutt name disappeared after Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse being taken over in 1962. u Case Model DC Case tractors changed colour in 1939 when the previous grey was replaced by a bright Date 1950 Origin USA orange the company called Flambeau Red. Engine Case 4-cylinder petrol This is the DC-3 rowcrop version with extra Horsepower 33 hp features including adjustable wheel spacing Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse and special steering settings. l John Deere AN u Case Model DO Date 1942 Origin USA Date 1951 Origin USA Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal Engine Case 4-cylinder petrol petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 35 hp Horsepower 38 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Tractors for orchard work are special, The Model A was built from 1934 to and this orchard “O” version of a Case 1952, and during that time there were Model D is an example. Removing the numerous design changes and special upright exhaust pipe avoids damaging versions. The N model shown is a “styled” branches, and even the steering wheel version with the new look introduced in and rear wheels are shielded to 1938 – N denotes a single front wheel. avoid tree damage. PIONEERS The Makeover Industrial styling became fashionable in the 1930s as manufacturers turned to specialists to give products more visual appeal. The stylist for the John Deere tractor makeover was the US industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss (1904–72). His “Dreyfuss look” was revealed when new John Deere A and B models were announced at the end of 1937. Traces of his inﬂuence remained until a completely new tractor range was introduced in 1961. Practical designer Henry Dreyfuss designed everything from telephones and vacuum cleaners to the casing for the NYC Hudson locomotive.

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86 . 1939–1951 MM UDLX Epitomizing the new era of “styled” tractors appearing on the US market at the end of the 1930s, the UDLX “Comfortractor” was something of a sensation, offering a level of luxury previously unheard of in agricultural circles. Launched in 1938 it was sold as a practical farm tractor in which the farmer and his wife could ride in superb comfort, but few could afford the purchase price. THE UDLX was special in every sense, with ﬂowing Minneapolis Moline’s “Comfortractor” Louvres dissipate heat lines, enclosed bodywork, and a well-appointed cab. The UDLX’s bumper, hubcaps, and bonnet embellishments from enclosed engine The powerful, high-compression petrol engine and were chromed, and the model was ﬁnished in MM’s bright ﬁve-speed transmission achieved speeds of up to “Prairie-Gold” livery, which the company had introduced 40 mph (64 km/h). during 1938 for its new “visionlined” range of styled tractors. The “All-Weather” cab, entered by the large rear MM bonnet mascot door, contained a passenger seat, rubber mats, plated in chrome heater, and a glove compartment. There was every modern convenience including oil, temperature, Bonnet opens and fuel gauges, ammeter, speedometer, clock, cigar to provide lighter, ashtray, sun visor, rear-view mirror, electric engine access horn, and radio. The tractor also had electric starting, headlights, stoplights, and even windshield wipers. Introducing a new concept to the marketplace was certainly a bold move for the Minneapolis- Moline Power Implement Company, and the UDLX deﬁnitely turned heads, but the US$2,155 price tag put it beyond the reach of most farmers. FRONT VIEW Front tyres are heavy-duty, six-ply rubber REAR VIEW

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THE DETAILS 1 2 MM UDLX . 87 1. MM logo adorns the radiator grille 2. Full lighting 3 was provided as part of the Delco-Remy electrical system 3. Automobile-style controls include foot pedals for 4 the clutch, brake, and throttle 4. Four-cylinder high-compression KED petrol engine with electric start Windshield made from safety glass 4-PAGE COLOUR BROCHURE, 1938 Rear wheels have chromed hubcaps SPECIFICATIONS Model Minneapolis-Moline UDLX Year 1938 Origin USA Production 125 Engine 46 hp Minneapolis-Moline 4-cylinder petrol Capacity 283 cu.in (4,637 cc) Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse Top speed 40 mph (64 km/h) Length 11 ft 9 in (3.58 m) Weight 2.9 tons (2.9 tonnes)

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88 . 1939–1951 l Cleveland Cletrac BD US Crawlers Move On Date c.1940 Origin USA Engine Hercules 6-cylinder diesel Machines designed and built in the US have dominated Horsepower 38 hp the crawler market since their introduction in the early Transmission 4 forward, 2 reverse 1900s. The heyday of the type began in the early 1930s when the ﬁrst diesel-engined machines appeared in the The Hercules diesel engine ﬁtted market, and continued into the early 1960s. The products to the Cletrac BD crawler was one of Caterpillar Inc., Allis-Chalmers, International, and of the most advanced engine designs Cletrac saw service right around the world on farms, available. Like all Cletrac crawlers, the construction sites, and in all the theatres of war. BD had controlled elliptical differential steering, which was known in the US l Caterpillar D2 as “cletrac steering”. Date 1942 Origin USA d Caterpillar D7 Engine Caterpillar 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 32 hp Date 1948 Origin USA Transmission 5 forward, Engine Caterpillar 4-cylinder diesel 1 reverse Horsepower 92 hp Transmission 5 forward, 4 reverse This D2 has a Killifer power lift toolbar and it could be ﬁtted with a Being robust and reliable to a fault, the range of tools for both rowcrop and D7 saw worldwide service. A total of general ﬁeld work. The toolbar 49,110 were produced under 7M, 1T, could be removed, allowing the 3T, 4T, and 6T serial numbers. Like tractor to be used for ploughing all Caterpillar tractors of this era, and cultivating. starting was by a two-cylinder auxiliary petrol engine. u International TD14 d Oliver HG Date 1944 Origin USA Date 1944 Origin USA Engine International 4-cylinder Engine Hercules 4-cylinder petrol petrol-start diesel Horsepower 18 hp Horsepower 64 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The Oliver Corporation acquired the Cleveland Tractor Company in 1944 The starting method used for the and continued to produce the then TD series of International Trac- current range of crawler tractors. TracTors was somewhat complicated, The only noticeable difference was using an extra valve in each the change of name and colour cylinder. The TD14 was never seen from orange to Oliver green. The in large numbers outside the US. HG was intended for market garden and rowcrop applications.

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US CRAWLERS MOVE ON . 89 d Allis-Chalmers Model M Date 1942 Origin USA Engine Allis-Chalmers UM 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The Model M was robust, simple, and reliable, and was popular with farmers on both sides of the Atlantic. Produced in both 40in (101cm) and 50in (121cm) gauges, it was extensively used by the US military between 1941 and 1945. Production ceased in 1942 to free factory capacity for war work. u Allis-Chalmers HD-19H Powered by the GM 6-71 and with d John Deere MC This small, compact machine was the torque-converter transmission, the ﬁrst John Deere-designed crawler tractor. Date 1947 Origin USA HD-19H was a very advanced design Date 1950 Origin USA Skid units were sent from Dubuque, Iowa, Engine General Motors 6-cylinder on its introduction. Diesel fuel was Engine John Deere 2-cylinder petrol to the Lindeman factory, Washington, which 71 series 2-stroke diesel used as the ﬂuid medium for the Horsepower 18 hp John Deere had bought in 1946. The MC Horsepower 129 hp torque converter. This arrangement Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse was not imported into the UK. Transmission 2 forward, 1 reverse was soon replaced with a converter torque converter that used oil. r John Deere BO-Lindeman Date 1942 Origin USA Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 14 hp Transmission 4 forward, 2 reverse The BO-Lindeman was built to satisfy the customer demand from the West Coast of the US with 2,000 BO tractors being converted by Lindeman. Late models could be ﬁtted with a hydraulic attachment to control a range of different implements.

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90 . 1939–1951 Lightweight Tractor Power Since the early 1900s small tractors provided a ﬁrst stepping stone from animal power to powered farming. Replacing work animals offered plenty of sales potential. Ofﬁcial census ﬁgures for the number of horses and mules on US farms peaked at more than 26 million in 1920, but there were still about 8 million in 1950. Some of the small tractors, particularly those from big, established companies, were well-built, but ﬁrst-time buyers with little knowledge of tractor design were often victims of salesmen offering badly designed tractors with little or no after-sales support. u Cleveland Cletrac General GG Date 1948 Origin USA Engine Hercules IXA3 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 19 hp maximum Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The General was built by the Leader Tractor Co., Cleveland, Ohio, specialist manufacturer of the Cletrac range of crawler tractors. The General GG was the ﬁrst Cletrac wheeled tractor, and there was a tracklaying version called the HG. In 1941 production was transferred to the implement manufacturer B.F. Avery. u Thieman Thieman tractors were for cost- r International Farmall Cub conscious customers. There were Date 1941 Origin USA three versions: one sold complete and Date 1948 Origin USA Engine Ford Model A car engine ready to work; a cheaper, self-assembly Engine International preferred, other car engines kit version with a Ford car engine, 4-cylinder petrol supplied could be used and – the cheapest option – a kit with Horsepower 9 hp Horsepower 40 hp no engine for customers who could Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse source their own. The success of International’s 18 hp Model A encouraged it to offer an even smaller model, the 9 hp Farmall Cub with a 980 cc engine. The design included plenty of ground clearance to avoid crop damage, and the offset seat and steering wheel allowed good forward visibility. l Leader Model D Date 1947-49 Origin USA Engine Hercules IXB5 4-cylinder Horsepower 22 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Leader tractor history is confusing because the same brand name was used by at least three different US manufacturers. The Model D was built in small numbers during the tractor boom following WWII, with a speciﬁcation that included a belt pulley and power takeoff.

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LIGHTWEIGHT POWER TRACTOR . 91  Brockway 49G Date 1949 Origin USA Engine Continental F-162 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The family owned Brockway company built tractors at Chagrin Falls, Ohio. Its 49 model was available in three versions, all powered by Continental engines. The diesel model was the 49D, the 49K engine used parafﬁn, and this 49G was the petrol version. d Newman AN3  Gibson Model H u Allis-Chalmers Model G Date 1950 Origin UK Date 1949 Origin USA Date 1949 Origin USA Engine Coventry Victor air-cooled Engine Hercules IXB3 Engine Continental AN-62 twin-cylinder horizontally 4-cylinder petrol 4-cylinder petrol opposed petrol Horsepower 24.5 hp Horsepower 10.3 hp Horsepower 10.75 hp Transmission 4 forward, Transmission 4 forward, Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse 1 reverse 1 reverse Price was a problem for the Gibson tractors were available The Model G is a tool carrier, Newman AN3. In 1949 the 10.75 hp brieﬂy from the late 1940s in a special type of lightweight three-wheeler was listed at £240 a four-model range powered by tractor developed for working compared with £226 for a one-, two-, four-, and six-cylinder in row crops. The rear engine Fordson Major E27N with engines. The Model H, available and the skeleton frame at the four wheels and three in tricycle and standard-wheel front allowed excellent visibility times as much power. versions, was given a “two-plow” for positioning hoes accurately rating as it could turn two furrows. to avoid damaging the crops. u Indian Motorcycle Tractor This unique tractor was built by Leonard Kanner, an Ohio engineer, using an Indian Date 1952 Origin USA motorcycle engine plus WWII government Engine Indian V-twin petrol surplus items. The tractor was used to prepare Horsepower 24 hp the site for a house Kanner built and after Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse that for garden work and snow clearance.

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Mobilizing the Women’s Land Army When conﬂict seemed inevitable, even before the UK had the care and use of their machinery. Many found the tractors declared war on Germany, moves were made to mobilize the uncomfortable – “Fairly shakes the inside out of you,” is a Women’s Land Army (WLA). The organization was re-formed typical quote – and the work exhausting. on 1 July 1939 and more than 1,000 volunteers joined almost immediately; by December there were 4,544 “Land Girls”. The women were trained by Ministry of Agriculture machinery instructors. Most of the tractors were Fordsons, and TRAINING THE LAND ARMY training courses were organized by the Henry Ford Institute of Agricultural Engineering in Essex. Land Girls learned about The women of the WLA carried out myriad tasks in every lubrication and maintenance and were taught how to service sphere of agriculture – arable, livestock, and dairy farming, land tractors. In short, they knew as much as the men, if not more. reclamation, market gardening, fruit picking, and even rat catching. Many trained as tractor drivers, and some were so Members of the Women’s Land Army learn to plough with a Fordson adept at their job that they were sent out to instruct farmers on tractor at the Henry Ford institute on the Boreham House estate, Essex.

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94 . 1939–1951 u Cletrac Medium M2 High-Speed Tractor Military Might Date 1942 Origin USA The tractors supplied to the military during World War II fell into two Engine Hercules 6-cylinder categories: they were either built to standard civilian speciﬁcation or WXLC3 petrol adapted to cater for speciﬁc tasks. For example, tractors used to tow Horsepower 150 hp aircraft required different transmissions and extra weight to cope with Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse heavy starting loads – tracked machines were favoured for towing. The ability to start instantly was important so many ran on “straight” petrol. The Cletrac M2 was designed to tow Civilian models that were normally fuelled by parafﬁn after warm-up US Air Force heavy bombers. It was were ﬁtted with modiﬁed manifolds for continuous petrol running. equipped with planetary steering, a 10,000 lb (4,535 kg) pull winch, a r Caterpillar D8 8R high-pressure air compressor, 24 and 110 volt auxiliary generators, and Date 1943 Origin USA nitrogen bottles for the control of ﬁres. Engine Caterpillar 6-cylinder 8,510 were built between 1942 to 1945. diesel Horsepower 120 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The Caterpillar D8 was used in the US and UK to prepare the ground for airﬁelds and other facilities in WWII. It was usually ﬁtted with LeTourneau equipment such as a bulldozer or as the one shown here with a cable control unit (CCU) for operating scrapers and rippers. l Brons Model EAT u Roadless Half-Track Date 1940 Origin Holland Date c.1940 Origin UK Engine Brons 2-cylinder diesel Engine Fordson 4-cylinder Horsepower 40 hp petrol Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse A very rare tractor, the mid-mounted radiator added to its unusual layout. The Fordson was the basis for a number The total production of the model of applications including this Roadless EAT, in both two- and three-cylinder Half-Track, which was specially built sizes, was 49 between 1935 and 1959. for aircraft haulage with the RAF. The The three-cylinder version produced front forecarriage made it stable and 60hp. The engine used in the tractor easier to steer as well as providing was also offered for stationary and a mounting platform for the marine application. chain-driven Hesford winch. Farming Front l David Brown VAK1 When war broke out in September 1939 Britain was Date 1941 Origin UK well prepared from an agricultural point of view. Under Engine David Brown 4-cylinder an arrangement with the Ford Motor Company a pool of petrol/parafﬁn new model Ns had been built up, ready for allocation to Horsepower 26 hp the War Agricultural Executive Committees (WAEC). Some Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse tractors from other British manufacturers were available and machines were still being imported from the US, but German The VAK1 was announced in 1939. U-boats sank many of the ships. When the US entered the At the time it was considered an war in 1941 supplies were curtailed initially, but resumed advanced design, including the then under the Lend–Lease arrangements. novel feature of dished wheel centres to adjust the track width. The basic model had steel wheels and magneto ignition. Rubber tyres and coil ignition were available at extra cost.

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u Ford 9N Moto-Tug B-NO-25 MILITARY MIGHT . 95 Date 1941 Origin USA l David Brown VIG1/100 Engine Ford 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 23 hp Date 1941 Origin UK Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Engine David Brown 4-cylinder petrol The Moto-Tug was a light machine Horsepower 26 hp with a pull of about 2,500 lb (1,134 kg). Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse As such it could handle only light David Brown Tractors Ltd were loads such as ﬁghter planes and their awarded the only contract for the ammunition, supply trolleys on the design and production of heavy- airﬁeld, and concrete hangar standings. wheeled aircraft towing and supply The Moto-Tug saw extensive service on tractors for the RAF. The result was US aircraft carriers and at overseas the VIG1/100, weighing just over civilian airports. 31/2tons (3.5 tonnes). It could be ballasted up to 7 tons (7.1 tonnes), to u Ford 9N The result of the famous handshake between handle heavier loads. Henry Ford and Harry Ferguson, the 9N (or Date 1941 Origin USA “Ford-Ferguson”) went on sale mid-1939. d Fordson Model N Industrial Engine Ford 4-cylinder petrol Some 10,000 were shipped to the UK under Horsepower 23 hp the Lend–Lease scheme – most went to the Date 1944 Origin UK Transmission 3 forward, WAEC and were operated by Women’s Land Engine Fordson 4-cylinder petrol 1 reverse Army girls. Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Industrial Model N was the tractor favoured for hauling bombs out from the dump to the waiting aircraft. It had an oil-immersed clutch, which made it practically impossible to burn out under the heavy starting loads sometimes imposed on the transmission of these tug tractors while in service. l Fordson Model N Date 1944 Origin UK Engine Fordson 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Known as the “Standard” Fordson, this tractor was the backbone of the British agricultural tractor ﬂeet during WWII. Production peaked at 2,500 a month in 1943. The model N was available with the low ratio “Red Spot” and the higher ratio “Green Spot” gearbox options. Almost all of the wartime production was delivered on steel wheels.

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96 . 1939–1951 Roadless Half-Track Half-tracks based on Fordson tractors were supplied to the UK’s Royal Air Force and other armed services during World War II for recovery work, mowing airﬁelds, moving aircraft, and hauling bomb trolleys or fuel bowsers. Several were used during the evacuation of Dunkirk in June 1940. The forecarriage arrangement, which supported the front axle and wheels, also provided a suitable platform for mounting a winch or crane. ROADLESS TRACTION constructed tracked versions Military applications Control levers of everything from wheelbarrows to steam rollers. The Wartime Roadless Half-Tracks, based for winch company’s “elastic-girder” tracks were ﬁtted with ﬂexible on the Fordson Model N, saw service rubber blocks that acted as frictionless joints between the with the Royal Air Force. Fitted with a metal plates to eliminate shocks. The tracks were silent in front-mounted winch, the tractor was operation and maintenance was reduced to a minimum. used for aircraft recovery. In 1936 the Air Ministry placed an order for Roadless Driver’s seat full-track conversions of Fordson tractors. Problems with the tractors pitching at speed led to the development of the forecarriage arrangement, which improved stability and turned the crawlers into half-tracks. The front wheels controlled the steering so the tractors were easier to drive. Driving sprocket FRONT VIEW Tracks are rubber jointed Bottom rollers REAR VIEW

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ROA D L ESS H A L F-T RAC K . 97 SPECIFICATIONS THE DETAILS 1 2 Model Roadless Half-Track 1. Fordson radiator header-tank 2. Roundel for Royal Air Force Built c. 1940 3. Winch could carry 300ft (91.4m) of wire cable 4. Chain-drive for Origin UK winch taken from tractor’s pulley shaft 5. Lubrication plate for Production Not known track running gear 6. Driver’s platform, steering assisted by Engine 25 hp Fordson 4-cylinder petrol independent foot-brakes for each track unit Capacity 267 cu.in (4,380 cc) Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Top speed 41/2 mph (7 km/h) Length 10 ft 8 in (3.35 m) 4 Weight 3.3 tons (3.3 tonnes) 5 6 Exhaust pipe Main fuel tank Filler cap for radiator 3 holds 16 gallons Chain-drive for winch (72.7 l) of fuel Instruction plate for starting engine Hesford winch mounted on forecarriage Front wheels for stability and steering Front idler Sprag acts as a land anchor when winch in operation

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98 . 1939–1951 d Hürlimann 40 DT70G In the true Hürlimann tradition, this tractor was a high-quality machine, and Post-war Variations Date 1945 Origin Switzerland every part was produced in-house. Designed Engine Hürlinmann specially for road haulage and timber work, There was a considerable variation in tractor design around the world after the end 4-cylinder diesel it was supplied with a full air-braking system of World War II. The older designs of single-cylinder, hot-bulb machines remained Horsepower 65 hp on all four wheels. A top speed of 25 mph popular where the quality of the available liquid fuels had not yet returned to a Transmission 5 forward, (40 km/h) was available years before it became standard speciﬁcation. Petrol as a fuel was still in use, but the price, as well as the 1 reverse a standard feature on modern tractors. greater fuel consumption, put it at a disadvantage. There was a huge demand for tractors to get the farms in war-torn areas back in production. Customers were easy to ﬁnd and this supported a large and varied number of tractor manufacturers. u HSCS R50 The R50 was the largest size of these Lanz models produced by HSCS just after WWII. Date 1947 Origin Hungary These tractors were widely exported, with Engine HSCS single-cylinder 2-stroke some examples carrying the name “Le hot bulb semi-diesel Robuste”, which they certainly were. It Horsepower 50 hp was a perfectly functional machine, but Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse lacked reﬁnement of detail. d KL Bulldog Kelly & Lewis (formerly the agent for Lanz Bulldogs in Australia) Date 1949 Origin Australia formed KL Tractors Ltd, to produce Engine KL Tractors single- copies of the 40-hp Lanz Bulldog. cylinder 2-stroke hot bulb Announced in 1947, the KL Bulldog semi-diesel was produced until 1954, but, Horsepower 42 hp because there were now better Transmission 3 forward, tractors on the market, it took 1 reverse several years to clear the inventory. u Super Landini Giovanni Landini founded Landini SpA in 1884 to manufacture agricultural equipment; he Date 1946 Origin Italy started tractor production in 1925. The Super Engine Landini single-cylinder Landini was based on the Lanz single-cylinder, 2-stroke hot bulb semi-diesel hot-bulb design. It was a ﬁnely engineered Horsepower 48 hp and reﬁned machine. Landini tractors are still Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse produced, Landini now being part of Argo SpA.

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99 u Hürlimann D100 This was the ﬁrst tractor in the Hürlimann range to use a new design of direct injection diesel engine Date 1948 Origin Switzerland that had been in development since 1944. The Engine Hürlimann 4-cylinder diesel engine – with a 24-volt starting, a newly developed Horsepower 45 hp Bosch injection system, and a pneumatic governor – Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse would start easily in very cold weather. r ECO Type N Date 1948 Origin France Engine Poyaud 2-cylinder diesel Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Founded by Eugene Mignot in 1920, ECO sold its tractors from ofﬁces in Paris, but assembly was contracted to outside ﬁrms. Its ﬁrst tractors appeared in 1932. The Type N, introduced at the end of WWII, was manufactured at the French government’s armaments factory in Le Havre, using either Panhard petrol or Poyaud diesel engines. d Motomeccanica Balilla l Bolinder-Munktell Bolinder-Munktell was the result of a B50 Stradale BM20 merger between the two companies in 1932. The BM20 was one of the Date 1948 Origin Italy Date 1949 Origin Sweden ﬁrst tractors whose speciﬁcations Engine Motomeccanica included use of water ballast in the 4-cylinder petrol Engine Bolinder W5 2-cylinder rear tyres. Along with wheel weights, Horsepower 10 hp hot bulb semi-diesel the tractor could be increased in Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse total weight from 5,842 lb to 7,716 lb Horsepower 41 hp (2,650 kg to 3,500 kg). The Balilla, Italy’s ﬁrst compact tractor, was introduced in 1931 by Transmission 5 forward, Motomeccanica of Milan. Various 1 reverse models, including a B50 tracked version, were built until 1952. The tractor was also sold in France under the Alfa Romeo name. r Orsi Argo Date 1950 Origin Italy Engine Orsi single-cylinder 2-stroke hot bulb semi-diesel Horsepower 55 hp Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse The Orsi Argo was yet another tractor whose design was based on the Lanz Bulldog. Its simple and rugged construction appealed to customers, keeping it in production for some 12 years. The belt pulley had its separate clutch mounted in the ﬂywheel, a feature that allowed it to be operated from ground level.

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100 . 1939–1951 German Engineering r Hermann Lanz Aulendorf D40 From the low-output tractors used by small farmers to the Date 1938 Origin Germany large and sophisticated models, tractor production was Engine Deutz F2M414 2-cylinder diesel in full swing in Germany before the outbreak of World Horsepower 22 hp War II. Practically all tractors at this time were designed Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse to run on either diesel or some heavy oil. With the outbreak of the war, fuel became short and instead A prewar design, the D40 was produced from producer gas was used: for this a generator had to be ﬁtted 1937; production ceased in 1942 as diesel became to the tractors, making them unwieldy and heavy. As practically impossible to obtain for civilian use. The soon as fuel became available again, these were discarded. company then went on to produce tractors that could run on producer gas, generated mainly from wood. r Hanomag RL 20 Primarily a road tractor, the RL 20 was built from “off-the-shelf” parts; Date 1939 Origin Germany it used a car engine, hence the front Engine Hanomag D19 styling. It had hydraulically actuated 4-cylinder diesel brakes on all four wheels: in its Horsepower 20 hp standard form it had equal-sized Transmission 4 forward wheels; larger rear wheels were (optional 3-speed), 1 reverse available as an option. d Lanz Gas Producer Bulldog In 1942 conversion of tractors to gas was made mandatory in Germany. Lanz tractors already in Date 1943 Origin Germany the ﬁeld were converted with factory-issued kits Engine Lanz single-cylinder and new tractors had factory-ﬁtted systems. The Horsepower 35 hp on gas conversion methods did not work, and almost all Transmission 6 forward, tractors were reconverted to diesel after the war. 2 reverse This example no longer has its gas generator ﬁtted. Built for Roads r O&K SA 751 Popular in Continental Europe, tractors equipped Date 1939 Origin Germany with road-legal braking and lighting systems provided Engine O&K 17B2s 2-cylinder diesel an alternative means of transport to lorries. A road Horsepower 30 hp tractor with several four-wheel trailers offered a Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse ﬂexible means of transport – empty trailers could be left at a location to be loaded while the tractor Orenstein & Koppel (O&K) was founded delivered another full trailer. If the terrain was by Benno Orenstein and Arthur Koppel as a difﬁcult, for example on a farm in wet weather, general engineering company in 1876. Starting road tractors were capable of movement when with heavy equipment such as railway a lorry was not, and on the road they operated locomotives and mining machinery, it began at similar speeds to the lorries of the day. to produce tractors in the late 1930s. The SA 751 was aimed at the large customer base of small German farms. A simple and basic machine, the tractor sold in modest numbers.

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GERMAN ENGINEERING . 101 d Deutz F1M414 r Deutz F2M315 Date 1949 Origin Germany Date 1948 Origin Germany Engine Deutz single-cylinder diesel Engine Deutz 2-cylinder diesel Horsepower 11 hp Horsepower 28 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Transmission Standard 3 forward (optional 5 forward), 1 reverse First produced in 1936 the F1M414 remained in production until 1951 with The F2M315 was ﬁrst produced in 1933 and practically no modiﬁcations to the design production ceased in 1942 due to the lack throughout its run. This tractor was of liquid fuels. After the war, production responsible for the mechanization of large was resumed with only a few modiﬁcations. numbers of small German farms. It came It was built in three different versions: the with a power takeoff, belt pulley, and a basic agricultural model, the Universal side-mounted mower drive as standard. model, and a road tractor version. u Allgaier R22 The R22 was a very basic tractor – it could be described as a stationary engine Date 1949 Origin Germany mounted on wheels. The single-cylinder Engine Kaeble single-cylinder engine was hopper-cooled, with no radiator, diesel fan, or waterpump. The tractor came with a Horsepower 22 hp list of possible attachments, which included Transmission 4 forward, a side-mounted cutter bar, rear power lift, 1 reverse adjustable drawbar, and a canopy. r Lanz Traffic Bulldog u MAN AS-250 In the true tradition of MAN the AS-250 tractor was a very well- Date 1941 Origin Germany Date 1944 Origin Germany engineered machine. Its quality was Engine Lanz single-cylinder hot bulb Engine MAN DO534GS reﬂected in the high purchase price. Horsepower 55 hp 4-cylinder diesel The AS-250 achieved a very low fuel Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Horsepower 50 hp consumption rating both in the ﬁeld Transmission 5 forward, and on the road. A total of 1,323 were With a maximum speed of 14 mph (23 km/h), 1 reverse built between 1938 and 1944. a sprung front axle, a driver’s cab, and a full set of mudguards, the Trafﬁc Bulldog was purpose-built for road use. The driver’s cabin was available as a full cab or with just a roof and windscreen. The seat was suspended and dampened by two shock absorbers. Standard equipment also included an engine rev counter (tachometer) and a direction indicator.

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102 . 1939–1951 Great Manufacturers Harry Ferguson Ferguson, left, and Sir Harry Ferguson made a huge contribution to tractor history. John Black Almost every modern wheeled tractor has the three-point linkage system for implement attachment and control that he developed, and the company he owned became one of the world’s most successful tractor manufacturers. HARRY FERGUSON’S afﬁnity for himself. His skill with a tractor the mechanical drove him from his brought an invitation to make a father’s Ulster farm and its horses government-sponsored tour of when he was 17 years old. In 1902 he tractor-owning farms in 1917. left for Belfast and quickly found work The tour was intended to show in a garage, where he could make the farmers how to use their equipment most of his ability. more efﬁciently, but Ferguson’s its most signiﬁcant mechanical result was to engineering convince Ferguson skill earned that using a chain him attention, to pull implements and he quickly behind a tractor was went into business A salesman’s working model slow, inefﬁcient, for himself. His of a TE-20 and plough. and costly. success as a racing driver also won Ferguson’s attempts to overcome More than just a tractor Ferguson parted company with David A sales poster for Ferguson equipment. The Brown in 1939. Without telling his publicity for his garage. this issue resulted in his invention of image illustrates one of the many uses to partner, Ferguson had arranged to which the Ferguson could be put with the aid demonstrate his new tractor to Henry World War I saw a huge increase in the three-point linkage system with of the three-point linkage. Ford. Ford was planning to resume tractor production in the US and he demand for tractors as the UK sought hydraulic draft control. Throughout called the Ferguson Type A, but often was impressed by the performance of known as the Ferguson-Brown, was the Ferguson-Brown. The two men ways to improve its agricultural the 1920s and early ‘30s Ferguson launched in 1936. It was based on formed a new partnership; Ford Ferguson’s “Black Tractor”, with an agreed to build a new Ferguson output in the face of German worked with his garage staff to perfect 18-20-hp Coventry-Climax engine System tractor while Ferguson formed powering the ﬁrst 500, followed by a marketing organization to sell the blockade. Ferguson seized the chance his device. The linkage ﬁrmly ﬁxed a 2,010-cc David Brown power unit. tractor in the US. to expand his business and began the implement to the tractor, aiding The new tractor performed well Its ofﬁcial name was the “Ford and the three-point linkage offered tractor with Ferguson System” or 9N. selling the US-built Waterloo Boy traction by increasing the weight of obvious advantages, but it was It was a small machine with a 23-hp expensive and customers needed Ford engine and Battleship Grey tractors (known as the Overtime in the rear wheels. The system was special implements to ﬁt the linkage. paint, the colour Ferguson chose for Sales were disappointing, intensifying all his production tractors. The the UK) through his garage, doing controlled by the tractor’s hydraulics, friction between the partners when combination of Ford’s unrivalled Ferguson refused to make the design production resources and Ferguson’s many of the sales demonstrations allowing the driver to raise and lower changes requested by Brown. the attached implement as necessary. In 1933 Ferguson ﬁnalized his prototype, calling it simply and elegantly the “Black Tractor”. The “Black Tractor” resulted in a partnership between Ferguson and David Brown, managing director of an engineering business, with Ferguson designing and marketing the tractors built by David Brown’s company. Their tractor, ofﬁcially Harry Ferguson was the ﬁrst Practical demonstration British citizen to design, A Ferguson-Brown tractor is demonstrated at build, and ﬂy an aeroplane. an agricultural show by Ferguson himself. The experience demonstrating tractors ﬁrst gave Ferguson the idea for his three-point linkage.

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FERGUSON . 103 Type A 9N TE-20 FE-35 1884 Harry Ferguson born on the family 1917 First patent application covering a new 1936 Ferguson A tractor production started 1948 Harry Ferguson begins legal action farm in northern Ireland plough design is ﬁled at the Brown factory against the Ford Company 1902 At the age of 17, Ferguson leaves the 1919 An advanced version of the plough is 1938 Ferguson and Henry Ford form a new 1948 Over 100,000 TE and TO tractors farm to work in Belfast designed speciﬁcally to ﬁt the Fordson partnership to develop a tractor manufactured worldwide 1904 Ferguson begins entering – and winning 1928 Final patent for what would become 1939 Ferguson ends the partnership with 1953 Ofﬁcial announcement of Massey- – numerous motorcycle and car races the Ferguson three-point linkage David Brown Harris takeover of the Ferguson system is ﬁled company, with Ferguson as chairman 1909 Ferguson becomes the ﬁrst Briton to 1939 Ford 9N production starts in the US with design, build, and ﬂy an aeroplane 1932 Plans are drawn up for a tractor to a 23-hp engine and three-speed gear 1954 Ferguson resigns from the Massey- utilize the Ferguson System Harris-Ferguson board over tractor 1911 May Street Motors, Ferguson’s own 1946 Ford terminates deal with Ferguson, pricing structures garage business, is founded 1933 The “Black Tractor” prototype for the and Ferguson TE series tractor Ferguson System completed production starts at the Banner 1960 Harry Ferguson dies at his home in 1917 Embarks on a tour to encourage farmers Lane factory in Coventry, UK Stow-on-the-Wold, UK to use their tractors more efﬁciently 1935 Ferguson and Brown form partnership three-point linkage helped ensure the factory at Banner Lane, Coventry. The While his Standard partnership was 9N’s popularity, and more than agreement was similar to previous starting, Harry Ferguson’s relationship 70,000 tractors were built in 1946. partnerships. Standard controlled with Ford ﬁnished with a hugely production while Ferguson handled expensive legal action lasting four Meanwhile, Ford’s plant in the UK the engineering and marketing. years. Ferguson eventually accepted a was still building outdated tractors US$9.25 million settlement. based on the original 1917 Fordson. Production of the new Ferguson Ferguson had assumed production TE series tractors started in 1946. A In 1952 Ferguson decided to part would switch to the 9N, but when four-speed gearbox replaced the three with his US company, eventually this idea was rejected he decided to speeds of the Ferguson A and 9N, and resolving to sell his entire business to start his own British company. He a 24-hp Continental engine provided Massey-Harris. The North American formed another partnership, this time the power during the tractor’s ﬁrst farm equipment ﬁrm wanted to with the Standard Motor Company, two years, to be followed by various expand in Europe and appointed utilizing the spare capacity in their car Standard engines. The TE series plus Ferguson chairman, allowing him to the TO version built at a Ferguson retain some input into the business. A complete farming system factory in the US became one of the Flexibility was one of the Ferguson system’s tractor industry’s biggest successes, Revolutionizing agriculture greatest strengths. The long list of Ferguson with production peaking at more than A leaﬂet helped tractor salesmen explain equipment included a circular saw that would 100,000 per year. the beneﬁts of the Ferguson system to probably not meet current safety standards. potential customers.

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104 . 1939–1951 The UK’s Golden Age The period following World War II was a golden age for the UK’s tractor industry. Demand for tractor power grew rapidly around the world and British manufacturers had recovered from the war faster than their European rivals. Many North American companies chose to build tractors for Britain, Continental Europe, and what was then the British Empire in UK factories, to circumvent post-war import controls on US tractors introduced to alleviate the dollar shortage. As a result, the UK became the world’s biggest tractor exporter and was at the forefront of design improvements. u Minneapolis-Moline UDM Date 1948 Origin UK Engine Meadows 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower Meadows 65 hp Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse Minneapolis-Moline offered two UK-assembled tractors in the post-war years. The UDS, ﬁtted with a Dorman diesel engine, appeared in 1946, and the Meadows-powered UDM version in 1948. Priced respectively at £1,050 and £1,200, both tractors were too expensive to have any impact on the market and production ceased in 1949. u Ferguson TE-20 r David Brown Cropmaster Date 1947 Origin UK Date 1947 Origin UK Engine Continental 4-cylinder Engine David Brown 4-cylinder petrol/ petrol parafﬁn Horsepower 24 hp Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Harry Ferguson’s TE series, painted his The Cropmaster was one of the best-known favourite shade of grey, was one of the David Brown tractors. Designated VAK/1C, tractor industry’s biggest successes. it was launched in April 1947 to replace the It took the beneﬁts of the Ferguson VAK/1A model. It had an integral power lift three-point linkage throughout the and a new six-speed transmission. Nearly world. The company attracted a 60,000 were built by the time its successful takeover from Massey-Harris. production run ended in 1953. u Field Marshall Series 2 The ﬁrst Field Marshall was a huge  Nuffield Universal M3 success, but continual development Date 1948 Origin UK led to a number of improvements. Date 1951 Origin UK Engine Marshall single-cylinder The Series 2 featured more power, Engine Morris Commercial ETA horizontal diesel a better cooling system, a larger- 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 40 hp diameter clutch, a more comfortable Horsepower 38 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse operator’s seat, and larger tyres. Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse Forecasts of expanding demand brought a ﬂood of companies into Britain’s tractor industry. The Nufﬁeld car and truck group (Nufﬁeld Organization) was one of the successful ones, introducing the Universal range, which included the unusual M3, a three-wheel rowcrop model.

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THE UK’S GOLDEN AGE . 105  Fordson E27N Major Rowcrop Date 1950 Origin UK Engine Ford 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 27 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The E27N was designed to ﬁll a sales gap while a more advanced tractor was being developed. The design of the engine was based on the original 1917 Fordson and the tractor was a huge success. More than 50,000 were built in one year.  International Farmall BM International’s success in the UK began in 1861 with a gold medal Date 1951 Origin UK award at a British agricultural show. Engine International 4-cylinder Tractor production at International’s petrol/parafﬁn British factory began in 1949 with Horsepower 39 hp the US-designed Farmall M, known Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse as the BM to denote its British origin. u Allis-Chalmers Model B When Allis-Chalmers opened their UK factory in 1948, production started with Date 1951 Origin UK the Model B. Although it was already Engine Allis-Chalmers 4-cylinder an 11-year-old design, British farmers petrol/parafﬁn liked the high-clearance model and Horsepower 16.3 hp; increased to 19.5 hp in 1952 the tractor’s reliability, and it became Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse a popular choice.

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106 . 1939–1951 Great Manufacturers Henry Ford with Fordson his experimental tractor in 1907 Fordson was the name given to the tractors produced from 1917 by the Ford Motor Company, ﬁrst at Dearborn in Michigan, and latterly in Ireland and the UK, where manufacture continued at Dagenham until 1964. The marque remained a separate entity to the Ford tractor line, established after production was reintroduced to the US in 1939. HENRY FORD WAS BROUGHT up separate venture in partnership with “ I have followed many a weary mile behind a plow and I as a farm boy. He made his fortune his wife and son. Henry Ford & Son know the drudgery of it.” out of the automobile industry, but was the name of the business, which HENRY FORD never lost his ambition to operated from a factory in remove the drudgery from Brady Street, Dearborn, agricultural labour by Michigan, and “Fordson” developing an affordable was its cable address. farm tractor. He built several The tractor was eventually experimental machines in rushed into production in 1917 1905–08 before announcing at the request of the During 1918 the tractor was launched Harvester. Satellite production of the on the US market as the Fordson Model F was also carried out at Cork plans in 1915 to British Ministry of Model F, which was priced at US$750. in Ireland from 1919 to 1922. From 1929 Cork became the centre of manufacture a Munitions, which In 1921 production of the Model F manufacturing for the improved was transferred to Ford’s Rouge River Fordson Model N, which continued lightweight tractor at ordered 6,000 of the plant in Michigan, where it was built until 1932 when production moved until 1928 when the company exited to the newly constructed Dagenham a price that would Henry Ford machines for its the tractor market in the US after plant in Essex, England. undercut his rivals. 1863–1947 wartime ploughing losing a price war with International The fellow directors of the Ford campaign. These early examples were Motor Company were opposed to known simply in the UK as Ministry building tractors, so Ford set up a of Munitions or MOM tractors. MOM tractors Tractors imported into the UK by the Ministry of Munitions (MOM) were leased to farmers, and drivers could be hired from the Army Service Corps. This example was harvesting on a farm in South Lincolnshire.

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FORDSON . 107 Model F Model N E27N Major “New Performance” Super Major 1905 Henry Ford builds his ﬁrst experimental 1928 Model F production ends at Rouge 1944 The British Ministry of Agriculture 1957 Fordson Dexta launched at Alexandra tractor River factory, Michigan requests a more efﬁcient tractor Palace in London 1915 Ford announces his intention to 1929 Production of Model N begins at Cork 1945 First Fordson E27N Major rolls off 1958 Power Major replaces the Fordson produce a farm tractor on a large scale factory assembly line Diesel Major 1917 First consignment of tractors shipped 1933 Tractor production commences at 1950 New vaporizer announced for E27N 1960 Super Major unveiled at Hamburg in to the British Ministry of Munitions Dagenham, Essex Major Germany 1918 Fordson Model F, priced at US$750, 1937 Improved Model N launched in 1951 “New” Major launched at Southend- 1961 Super Dexta announced at London’s goes on sale in US “harvest-gold” livery on-Sea Smithﬁeld agricultural show 1919 Irish production of the Model F begins 1941 Tractor production at Dagenham 1954 500,000th Fordson to be built at 1963 Fordson “New Performance” range at Cork, Ireland disrupted by German bombing raids Dagenham drives off the assembly line introduced 1923 US price of Model F cut to $395 to 1943 100,000th tractor built at Dagenham 1955 Dagenham builds its 100,000th Diesel 1964 Production of the Fordson comes to compete with International Harvester since the outbreak of war Major an end The Model N, now a product of the Fordson brochures cylinder diesel engine, jointly production alongside the more British Ford Motor Company, was The company’s sales literature developed in conjunction with powerful Super Dexta, which was built at Dagenham from 1933 until was always colourful. Left to Perkins, a six-speed transmission, and introduced in late 1961 with an the end of World War II. Between right are a 1937 catalogue for draft-control hydraulics – a ﬁrst for a enlarged version of the Dexta’s 1939 and 1945 the factory produced the Model N industrial tractor, Fordson tractor. three-cylinder engine. nearly 140,000 tractors – some 95 per a 1951 launch brochure for the cent of all the wheeled models made “New” Major, and literature for During 1958 the Diesel Major was Output at Dagenham had risen in the UK during the war. The plant the 1961 “Super Class” range. revamped into the Fordson Power to more than 350 tractors per day, operated a seven-day week and, at Major with minor changes. More but changes were afoot to restructure peak times, one tractor came off the gearbox that was quieter and improvements arrived in 1960 with Ford’s worldwide tractor operations production line every 17 minutes more efﬁcient, without the the development of the Super Major, and transfer production to a new and 36 seconds. earlier worm-drive transmission. which featured differential lock, British plant in Basildon, Essex. The independent disc brakes, and a revised “New Performance” range, launched In 1944 the Ministry of Agriculture The Fordson E27N Major hydraulic system incorporating draft in 1963 in a new blue and grey livery, asked Ford to develop a more efﬁcient could be temperamental, but control. The Dexta was given a facelift marked the swansong of the Fordson model with greater horsepower and was ruggedly reliable and very at the same time, continuing in era. Production ﬁnally ended in 1964. lower fuel consumption. The result affordable at just £237 for the was the Fordson Major (designated basic agricultural model on steel E27N), the ﬁrst of which rolled out wheels. It was the saviour of British of Dagenham on 19 March 1945. agriculture in a time of austerity and The Major inherited the N’s outdated more than 230,000 were built. From petrol/parafﬁn side-valve engine, but 1948 the tractor was available with a had a new design of three-speed Perkins P6 diesel engine as a factory- ﬁtted option. The E27N model was replaced in November 1951 by the “New” Major with a six-speed gearbox and a four-cylinder, overhead-valve engine available as a petrol, parafﬁn, or diesel unit. The diesel version was truly outstanding and is regarded by many as one of the best tractors ever made. The petrol and parafﬁn variants were eventually dropped, and the Fordson Diesel Major was sold to almost every corner of the globe including substantial exports to the US. In 1957 the Fordson Dexta was introduced as Ford’s answer to the Ferguson TE-20. It had a three- Dexta workmate In 1957 the Major got a workmate in the form of the Fordson Dexta with a three-cylinder diesel engine, a six-speed transmission, and draft-control hydraulics.

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108 . 1939–1951 d Fordson E27N Roadless The Roadless DG conversion of the DG Half-track E27N made this into a very useful Specials and Conversions replacement for full-track crawler Date 1950 Origin UK tractors, which were in very short The simplicity and compact design of the humble farm tractor made it the basis supply at the end of WWII. Ford for an untold number of specialist machines. During and after World War II Engine Fordson 4-cylinder offered two gearbox options for there was neither the time nor the money to design and construct purpose-built petrol/parafﬁn the E27N: the low-geared “Red Spot” pieces of machinery for every task required. Instead, standard tractors were for heavier work and the “Green ﬁtted with more powerful engines. Engines using both petrol and diesel as fuel, Horsepower 27 hp Spot” for higher working speeds. and even gas conversions, as well as other attachments – by aftermarket suppliers, and not always with the makers' consent – were used. Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse (Red Spot) u Case-Mercer Crane Date 1942 Origin USA Engine Case 4-cylinder petrol Horsepower 53 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Mercer crane was a rough-and- ready machine built around a standard agricultural tractor. It was used for general on-site lifting duties, ranging from assisting in the erection of buildings to engine removal and replacement in army and civilian workshops. l Ford 2N V8 The Funk Brothers produced aircraft in small numbers during WWII. In 1943 Date 1949 Origin USA they made a kit available to convert Engine Ford Industrial V8 the Ford 2N to six-cylinder power 8-cylinder petrol using a Ford side-valve engine. In Horsepower 85 hp 1949 an additional kit was offered Transmission 3 forward, to allow the 239 cu.in (3.9 l) Ford 1 reverse side-valve V8 engine to be ﬁtted. r Case DEX Roadless Date c.1942 Origin UK Engine Case 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 30 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The Case DEX with a Roadless conversion is a rare machine. Difﬁcult to steer, the operator had to control it using the standard tractor differential with brakes mounted on the inside of the sprockets. Some of these machines were also converted into half- tracks by the provision of a forecarriage and were used on wartime airﬁelds.

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109 r Fordson E27N P6 Major Date 1951 Origin UK Engine Perkins P6 (TA) 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 45 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Perkins P6 was available on the E27N as a factory-ﬁtted option to the Fordson petrol/parafﬁn engine from 1948. Perkins offered a P6 conversion kit that included all the parts required to convert customer-owned tractors to diesel power. r Howard Dungledozer Date 1944 Origin UK Engine Fordson 4-cylinder petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 24 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse The Dungledozer was an attempt to mechanize the loading of manure from cattle yards and dung heaps. Technically, it was a great success, but it needed a ﬂeet of tractors and trailers to operate it at its full potential capacity. As a commercial venture it was a failure as farmers were not yet ready to invest large sums of money in machinery of this kind: only two were built. d Allis-Chalmers WC-W Patrol l Aveling Barford 5-Ton Roller Date 1946 Origin USA Date c.1940 Origin UK Engine Allis-Chalmers 4-cylinder petrol Engine Fordson 4-cylinder Horsepower 29 hp petrol/parafﬁn Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 24 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Allis-Chalmers produced a wide range of road making equipment including the smallest Aveling Barford was formed in motor grader in their range, the WC-W Patrol. 1934 from the remnants of Aveling & Some 3,000 were built over the production Porter and the Agricultural and run from 1940 to 1950. General Engineers (AGE) companies. Their wide product range had motor rollers based on several different power units. The tractor shown here is built around a Fordson Model N, a readily available unit during the war years. TECHNOLOGY Gas as Fuel Vehicles converted to run on “producer gas” were a common sight during World War II, when fuel was often unobtainable. The gas was made by passing air through any heated carbonaceous material – usually wood or coke – via a “producer” unit on the tractor. The unit was unwieldy and cumbersome and the tractor engines could not generate their full horsepower using producer gas. Gas-powered Fordson This model N, built in 1942, features a gas producer unit on the side of its Fordson four-cylinder 18 hp engine.

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110 . 1939–1951 l Bristol 10 Tracks in the UK Date 1945 Origin UK Engine Austin 4-cylinder The crawler market had until World War II been dominated petrol/parafﬁn by the North American manufacturers. A few British Horsepower 18 hp makers, such as Clayton and Fowler, had had some Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse success with their machines in earlier years. By the late 1940s due to lack of funds, all non-essential imports to This small tractor was intended the UK were stopped, including medium-powered crawlers for the horticultural and garden for agricultural use. As a result, numerous British makes sectors of the market, a role that and models appeared to satisfy customer demand – some they ﬁlled admirably. The early were unsatisfactory, but the majority were acceptable. models used Jowett ﬂat four- cylinder engines, which were not ideal for the application. Later machines used Austin engines, which gave the tractor better balance and smoothness. u Fowler FD4 The Fowler FD4 was the largest of the four r David Brown Trackmaster sizes of FD tractors planned by Rotary Hoes Date 1946 Origin UK Ltd. The FD1 never left the drawing board; the Date 1950 Origin UK Engine Fowler 4B FD3 was the ﬁrst to be placed in production, Engine David Brown 4-cylinder 4-cylinder diesel followed shortly after by the FD2. Fowler was petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 45 hp sold to T.W. Ward of Shefﬁeld in 1947, just Horsepower 34 hp Transmission 6 forward, after production of the FD4 had begun. Only Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse 14 FD4s were produced. 2 reverse The Trackmaster and later crawler models offered by David Brown were well-engineered, neat, and reliable tractors. They had controlled elliptical differential steering, which made unnecessary the use of numerous potentially troublesome oil seals in the steering gear. These tractors achieved considerable success. d Fowler VF After the FD range was dropped, the only immediate replacement was a combination Date 1948 Origin UK of the Marshall (also owned by Ward) Engine Marshall single-cylinder single-cylinder, two-stroke engine and 2-stroke diesel Fowler’s proven running gear. Although Horsepower 40 hp a crude and simple machine, it was a huge Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse success – more than 4,000 were built.

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TRACKS IN THE UK . 111 u Loyd Dragon After WWII Vivian Loyd started to make tractors from Brengun carrier Date 1951 Origin UK components. After a number of Engine Dorman-Ricardo models, the Dragon was introduced 4-cylinder diesel in 1951, and could be supplied with Horsepower 36 hp either a Turner V4 or Dorman-Ricardo Transmission 4 forward, engine. It did not enjoy great success 1 reverse in the marketplace. u County Full-Track The Full-Track was the ﬁrst of a line of crawlers based on Fordson skid units offered by County. The use of Date 1950 Origin UK large diameter sprockets and front idlers allowed the Engine Perkins P6 skid units to be converted to a crawler with minimum 6-cylinder diesel modiﬁcations. It also made possible the use of 9-in- Horsepower 45 hp (23-cm-) pitch track links, reducing the number of track Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse wearing parts, which helped bring down operating costs. u Roadless Type E The Type E was Roadless Traction Ltd’s answer to the demand for medium- Date 1950 Origin UK powered agricultural crawlers in the Engine Fordson 4-cylinder early 1950s. Fitted with rubber-jointed petrol/parafﬁn tracks, it was offered with either the Horsepower 27 hp Fordson petrol/parafﬁn engine or Transmission 3 forward, the Perkins P6 diesel. Very few of 1 reverse (Red Spot) these machines were built. l Fowler Challenger 3 Date 1951 Origin UK Engine Meadows 6 DC630 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 95 hp Transmission 6 forward, 4 reverse The Challenger 3 was one of Fowler’s most successful models. It was originally intended to be ﬁtted with the Marshall ED8, two-cylinder, two-stroke diesel engine and sold as the Fowler Challenger Mk2. The engine was a failure, and it was almost immediately replaced by the excellent Henry Meadows engine; the tractor then became the Challenger 3.

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War Agricultural Executive Committees At the outbreak of World War II, War Agricultural Executive requisitioned farms as well as land drainage, clearance, and Committees (WAEC) were created in most counties in the UK reclamation operations on a county-wide basis. The Surrey “War with powers to supervise food production. The “War Ag”, as it Ag” had ﬁve machinery depots. The tractors they were allocated was usually known, requisitioned land, controlled cropping, were either British Fordsons or US machines brought in under coordinated the use of labour, including the Women’s Land “Lend-Lease”. Heavy bulldozers were also leased from the Army, and allocated tractors and machinery to farmers. military. Surrey WAEC’s reclamation work included landscaping the village green at Abinger Hammer by ﬁlling in ponds formed THE WORK OF THE SURREY “WAR AG” by the River Tillingbourne; these so-called “hammer” ponds once powered the forges from which the village took its name. The WAECs had their own machinery depots, each with its own ﬂeet of tractors and equipment. Every depot had an area The Surrey WAEC operating an International TD-18 bulldozer, the largest of foreman, who was responsible for a team of drivers. The work IH’s new range of diesel “Trac-TracTors”, at Abinger Hammer. they carried out included cultivating and harvesting

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1952–1965 GOLDEN AGE

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1952–1964 . 117 GOLDEN AGE Once the post-war shortages that had curbed tractor Key events development were resolved, the manufacturers began r 1953 Harry Ferguson sells his tractor companies to Massey-Harris. introducing new models with improved features such r 1955 The 100,000th Fordson Diesel as a greater number of transmission speeds, Major rolls out of the Dagenham plant. differential lock, and “live” power takeoff. r 1955 Fiat enters the four-wheel drive market with its 25R dt model. A hydraulic lift was now standard on many tractors r 1957 Douglas and Maurice Steiger as the market moved from trailed to mounted build an articulated, four-wheel-drive tractor at Red Lake Falls, Minnesota. implements. The lapsing of certain Ferguson patents r 1958 International’s 560 tractor is allowed other manufacturers to offer a similar system tainted by failures, allowing John Deere to steal the top spot in the US. of hydraulic draft sensing to control the depth of the u Australian tractors implement in work. The high-speed diesel engine was The 60D, launched in 1953, was the r 1958 Sir Edmund Hillary arrives at almost universally adopted. ﬁrst Chamberlain tractor to be ﬁtted the South Pole on Ferguson tractors. with a diesel engine. r 1959 Eicher manufactures India’s The drive to mechanize farms and streamline agricultural production led to a ﬁrst indigenous tractor at its factory in Faridabad. golden age for the tractor industry. The world was hungry, and a plethora of new r 1960 John Deere ditches its two- manufacturers and new models came to the market as the industry rose up to cylinder line in favour of a new range of multi-cylinder tractors. meet the challenges of a new era of intensive farming where the timeliness of r 1960 Kubota develops the ﬁrst operations was the key to success. Japanese tractor to go into full commercial production. Farmers demanded more from their machines, and thoughts turned to r 1961 International Harvester unveils increasing tractor performance with larger engines and the option of four-wheel its experimental HT-350 tractor, combining a gas-turbine engine with drive. The race for power and increased productivity had begun. Customers also a hydrostatic transmission. expected more from their dealerships, such as on-farm service and hire- r 1962 John Deere, Minneapolis-Moline, and Massey Ferguson break the 100-hp purchase. Several manufacturers also offered a full line of matched equipment. barrier for two-wheel-drive tractors. The post-war tractor boom peaked in some of the more industrialized nations during the 1960s as the number of tractors on farms (close to 5 million in the US) reached saturation point. Production in the US had already begun to decline as farmers began buying fewer but larger machines. “Beauty in engineering is that which is simple, has no superﬂuous parts and serves exactly u Perkins engines the purpose.” u Air-cooling Perkins’s badge symbolized “A square deal all In 1958 German manufacturer Deutz introduced round” and its high-speed diesel engines were HARRY FERGUSON (1884-1960) its F4L 514 crawler powered by an economical, supplied to tractor manufacturers worldwide. air-cooled diesel engine developing 60 hp.  Massey-Harris buyer’s guide for 1953 offered the farmer a full line of tractors and equipment.

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118 . 1952-1964 North American Developments Tractor building in 1950s US and Canada saw diesel engines gain in popularity. The faster travel speeds made possible by the now widespread use of rubber tyres meant transmissions with a bigger choice of gear ratios were a popular choice. Driver comfort was making slow headway up the priority list, although weather- protection in the form of cabs was still regarded as an unnecessary extravagance on small- and medium-horsepower wheeled tractors. Industrial designers were enjoying greater inﬂuence on the appearance of tractors, which can be seen especially in changes in manufacturers’ choice of paint colours. u International Farmall 100 As many farmers were still working with horses, a small tractor such as the Farmall Date 1954–1956 Origin USA 100 was the ﬁrst step into power farming. Engine International The 100 could pull a single-furrow plough 4-cylinder petrol and a generous underside clearance Horsepower 18.3 hp made it ideal for small-scale production Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse of vegetables and other specialist crops. l Minneapolis-Moline ZBU The ZB was an improved version of the ZA rowcrop series, available from 1953 with easier Date 1953 Origin USA steering and a more comfortable seat. It was Engine Minneapolis-Moline offered as the ZBN with a single front wheel. 4-cylinder petrol A wide front axle was available in the ZBE Horsepower 34.8 hp version, and a tricycle version with double front Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse wheels was offered in the ZBU version.  Sheppard SD3  Cockshutt 50 Date 1956 Origin USA Date 1956 Origin Canada Engine Sheppard Engine Buda 6-cylinder 3-cylinder diesel petrol Horsepower 32 hp Horsepower 49 hp Transmission 4 forward, Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse 1 reverse The R.H. Sheppard company built The Cockshutt 50 from Canada diesel-powered tractors during was also sold as the Co-op E5 the 1950s. There were three model. It was available with petrol models, all powered by Sheppard or diesel engines. Both units were engines and with standard, supplied by Buda and both had industrial, and orchard versions the same bore and stroke available. However, sales volumes measurements. Nebraska tests remained small and production showed almost 20 per cent better ended in about 1959. fuel economy for the diesel version. r International 650 Date 1957 Origin USA Engine International 4-cylinder LPG Horsepower 61.3 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Although diesel power was becoming popular, there was still a demand for spark-ignition engines. International offered the 650 model in petrol and LPG (liqueﬁed petroleum gas, a low- cost alternative to petrol) versions.

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119 u John Deere Model 80 Date 1956 Origin USA Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal diesel Horsepower 65 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The Model 80 was among the ﬁrst batch of John Deere tractors to be identiﬁed by numbers instead of letters. Driver comfort featured on the new range with better seats, improved controls and, for the ﬁrst time, power steering was an option.  John Deere 320 Date 1957 Origin USA Engine John Deere 2-cylinder petrol Horsepower 29.2 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse John Deere’s original all-green paint ﬁnish was replaced by a more eye-catching green and yellow when the new 20 series tractors arrived in 1956. These models offered major hydraulic system improvements, and the new seat suspension system could be adjusted to suit the driver’s weight. u J.I. Case 830 The diesel-powered 830 was available in a standard version and with the new Case-O-Matic Date 1964 Origin USA torque converter transmission, introduced as Engine Case 4-cylinder diesel an option when the 800 series models were Horsepower 64 hp maximum announced in 1958. The 830 also featured the Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse; optional recently introduced Desert Storm paint ﬁnish, torque converter version which replaced the previous red colour.

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120 . 1952-1964 British Diesel Takes Supremacy During the 1950s and early 1960s diesel power gained increasing importance. Apart from a few tracklayers and the unconventional, single-cylinder Marshall, diesel-powered tractors had been virtually unknown, especially on British farms before the late 1940s. Companies such as Ford, Perkins, and David Brown helped the UK become the world leader in developing easy starting, smooth-running multi-cylinder diesels for tractors. Engine power was also on the increase, and the arrival of transmissions with more gears made it easier for operators to use the increased engine power efﬁciently. u Turner Yeoman of England Date 1953 Origin UK Engine Turner V4 diesel Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The Turner V4 engine looked big and powerful, an impression supported by advertisements claiming unbelievable work rates and “astonishing lugging power”. Unfortunately, the engine’s reputation also included starting problems and poor reliability. u Marshall MP6 Belatedly perhaps, dwindling sales of their r Field Marshall Series 3A ageing single-cylinder models forced Date 1954 Origin UK Marshall to follow the rest of the industry Date 1955 Origin UK Engine Leyland 6-cylinder diesel and use multi-cylinder diesel power. The Engine Marshall single-cylinder Horsepower 70 hp result was the big, powerful, and expensive horizontal diesel Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse MP6 that sold in small numbers. Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse This was the ﬁnal version of Marshall’s single-cylinder diesel tractor. Unveiled in 1952, the Series 3A featured a number of small improvements to enhance engine performance. A pressurized cooling system was introduced to allow the tractor to warm up more quickly; the price rose to £845. l Ferguson TE-F20 Date 1955 Origin UK Engine Standard 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 26 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Harry Ferguson took a keen interest in most technical developments affecting his tractors. However, he disliked diesel engines. He appears to have accepted the addition of a diesel-powered model to his TE tractor range as a necessary evil. Narrow Tractors  Ferguson TE-L20 Special situations sometimes Date 1954 Origin UK need special tractors, and narrow Engine Standard 4-cylinder tractors are slimmed-down standard petrol/parafﬁn models. Conversions are usually handled Horsepower 26 hp by specialist companies using skid units Transmission 4 forward, from a major manufacturer. The biggest 1 reverse demand for them is in vineyards, but they are also needed for hop production, The system for labelling TE-20 some types of fruit, or simply for tractors can be confusing. TE traditional farm buildings that have means built in the UK; TE-D20 is a narrow passageways and doors. parafﬁn version. One of the rarer models is the TE-L20 vineyard, an extra-narrow, low-proﬁle tractor for specialist applications such as wine-growing and sugarcane.

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121 u BMB President Smaller models arriving in the post- u Fordson Diesel Major Often called the New Major to distinguish war tractor boom were often poorly it from the previous Fordson model, the Date 1954 Origin UK designed and under-powered, but the Date 1957 Origin UK E1A is one of the tractor industry’s all-time Engine Morris 4-cylinder President was better than some. It was Engine Ford 4-cylinder diesel classics. Production peaked at more than petrol/parafﬁn equipped with wheel-track adjustment, Horsepower 52 hp 350 tractors per day, helped by Ford’s easy Horsepower 10 hp and a hydraulic lift and belt pulley Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse starting, reliable diesel engine. Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse options were available. l International B275 Date 1967 Origin UK Engine International 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Announced in 1956, the International B250 established International’s new range of small British tractors, which were built at a subsidiary plant near Bradford, Yorkshire. The improved B275 model arrived in 1958 and remained in production until 1968. This is a late model. r Allis-Chalmers ED-40 Depthomatic Date 1967 Origin UK Engine Standard 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 41 hp Transmission 8 forward, 1 reverse The ED-40 was Allis-Chalmer’s ﬁnal new British model. The Depthomatic version, introduced in 1963, offered extra power, but the improved hydraulics turned out to be overcomplicated. Production ended in 1968.  David Brown 850 u Fordson Super With worldwide parts back-up and Implematic Major KFD 68 an excellent reputation for reliability, Fordson’s Super Major was popular Date 1963 Origin UK Date 1964 Origin UK with companies producing tractor Engine David Brown Engine Ford 4-cylinder diesel conversions for special purposes. 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 52 hp They included Kent Ford Dealers or Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 6 forward, KFD narrow tractors for vineyard, Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse 2 reverse fruit, and industrial work. In 1961 David Brown introduced narrow versions of its 850 and 880 Implematic models to meet demand for tractors for hop garden, vineyard, and fruit cultivation. The overall width was reduced to 48 in (122 cm) on the narrowest wheel-track.

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122 . 1952–1964 Renault N73 Junior Model numbering was turned on its head for Renault’s N-series tractors, which made their debut in 1960. Replacing the D series, they comprised the N70, N71, N72, and N73, but it was the last that had the smallest power output. The 20-hp tractor was the foundation of a line whose larger members – with respective horsepowers of 40 (N70), 35 (N71), and 25 (N72) – were all ﬁtted with German MWM (Motoren-Werke Mannheim) diesel engines. IN THE DECADE following World War II, Renault established itself as a strong presence in the tractor, car, and truck sectors in Europe. After the war the ﬁrm was nationalized by the French government, and by the time the N series was introduced, tractor production had been relocated to a new factory at Le Mans. With the N series came a new level of styling, with bonnet and radiator grille taking on a new shape for the new era. Typical of many small tractors at the time, it featured a twin-cylinder diesel engine and an underslung exhaust. The N-series tractors were popular for light ﬁeld tasks, such as spraying and haymaking, but were also capable of taking on tillage tasks on smaller farms and handling equipment, such as single-furrow ploughs. FRONT Starter VIEW motor REAR Twin-cylinder VIEW MWM diesel engine Built for small farms With a length of just under 9 ft (2.7 m), and an unladen weight of a little over 1 ton (1 tonne), the N73 Junior was a particularly nimble tractor. Coupled with its low stature, this made it popular for working in small ﬁelds and on steep ground.

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SPECIFICATIONS Renault N73 Junior Capacity 85.4 cu.in (1,400 cc) 1 R E N AU LT N 73 J U N I O R . 1 23 Model 1961 Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse 3 Built France Top speed Not known 2 Origin 9,020 Length 8 ft 11 in (2.71 m) 4 Production 20 hp MWM 2-cylinder diesel Weight 1 ton (1 tonne) Engine 5 Unassisted THE DETAILS steering 1. 1960s Renault badge on front of tractor 2. Restyled headlights on the N series 3. Driver’s seat and the gear lever 4. Underslung exhaust 5. Rear wheel hub Padded seat for greater driver comfort Gear selector lever Lever for parking brake Rear wheels larger than front wheels

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124 . 1952–1964 Changing Markets r Massey-Harris Pony 820 V In the 1950s and 1960s many independent tractor makers were producing machines of individual design, incorporating features Date 1952 Origin France relevant to their local markets. For instance, Hürlimann was one of the Engine Simca 4-cylinder petrol ﬁrst to offer a purpose-built, four-wheel-drive tractor, designed specially Horsepower 18 hp for the hilly terrain in Switzerland. Slowly, however, most of these Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse companies disappeared. Some were taken over by larger ﬁrms; others did not survive because their products were inferior or too expensive. The Pony was Massey-Harris’s answer to the demand for a small tractor, and competed with models from International and John Deere. As with the other manufacturers of this size of tractor, the Pony could be equipped with ploughs, cultivators, ridgers, and other purpose-built attachments. l International Farmall Cub Date 1956 Origin France Engine International C-60 4-cylinder side-valve petrol Horsepower 9.25 hp Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse This was the smallest tractor of the International Farmall range. The Cub was designed as a rowcrop tractor and incorporated “culti-vision”. The engine and gearbox were offset from the centreline of the tractor – this design gave the driver an almost uninterrupted front view. Being very popular with customers, the Cub had a production run of more than 245,000 units in 1947–81. d Hürlimann D200S r Vierzon 201 Date 1958 Origin Switzerland Date 1957 Origin France Engine Hürlimann 4-cylinder diesel Engine Vierzon single-cylinder Horsepower 65 hp 2-stroke hot bulb Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse Horsepower 25 hp full sychromesh Transmission 3 forward, 1 reverse Hans Hürlimann founded his tractor The Vierzon 201 was built by the manufacturing company in 1929. The French company, Société Française D200S came with a sychromesh Vierzon (SFV). As with the other gearbox, a very advanced feature tractors in the Vierzon range the for a farm tractor at the time. It was 201 was a licensed copy of the Lanz aimed at both the agricultural and Bulldog. Its modern appearance hid forestry markets. Hürlimann tractors the fact that under the sheet metal are still being built under the was a simple and reliable, if relatively parentage of SAME Deutz-Fahr (SDF). old and outdated, design.

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CHANGING MARKETS . 125 u Kubota L13G The L13G was one of Kubota’s ﬁrst tractors and u Volvo-BM 470 d Steyr 185 was built to the high speciﬁcation and quality Date 1960 Origin Japan that is a feature of all their products. Although Date 1961 Origin Sweden Date 1962 Origin Austria Engine Kubota single-cylinder diesel only a small machine, the L13G had features Engine Bolinder 4-cylinder diesel Engine Steyr WD 313 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 13 hp not available on similar-sized competitor Horsepower 73 hp Horsepower 45 hp Transmission 6 forward, machines. A range of matched equipment Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse 2 reverse including fore-end loaders became available. At 73 hp the Volvo-BM 470 was considered The Steyr 185 had a large following in Austria, a large tractor in its day – in 1961 farm but they were never exported in large tractors averaged 45 hp. A strong and numbers, the competition from makers reliable machine, the 470 was expensive such as Ford and Massey Ferguson being and was not produced in large numbers too strong in most European countries. With as 75-hp tractors were yet to become its engine produced in-house, the Steyr 185 popular. The 470 remained a rare machine was a high-quality machine. Steyr tractors outside its native market. Volvo-BM tractor are still produced as part of the Case-New- production ﬁnally ceased in 1984. Holland (CNH) tractor range. r Renault N73 Junior Date 1961 Origin France Engine Motor Werke Mannheim (MWM) 2-cylinder diesel Horsepower 20 hp Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse The N73 was a small, lightweight machine designed for the French market, which was mainly based on the small family farm. Renault bought most of its engines from outside suppliers and the N73 was no exception. Economical to operate and maintain, the N73 had power takeoff and hydraulics – features that had only recently become universal in this class of machine.

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126 . 1952–1964 Germany Moves On Production of agricultural machinery in Germany quickly resumed after 1945. Established companies such as Mercedes-Benz, Lanz, and Hanomag soon began to turn out products in quantity. There was a market for smaller tractors, with many small farms to be restored and returned to production of their traditional crops. The acquisition of Lanz by John Deere was particularly important – Deere had the resources to launch multi-cylinder models, and this gave the company a manufacturing base in Europe, which today is a vast and expanding concern. d Unimog 401 Albert Friedrich designed the ﬁrst Unimog u Lanz Bulldog D2206 The 150,000th Bulldog tractor soon after WWII as an agricultural produced was a D2206, which left Date 1952 Origin Germany multi-purpose vehicle. Mercedes-Benz Date 1952 Origin Germany the works in February 1953. These Engine Daimler-Benz OM636 took over the manufacture of the Unimog Engine Lanz horizontal tractors ﬁnally did away with the need 4-cylinder diesel in 1951 and introduced a new model, the single-cylinder semi-diesel, to heat the hot bulb with a blowlamp Horsepower 25 hp Series 401. A long wheel-base model, petrol-assisted starting before the tractor could be started. Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse; the 402, was also made available, and Horsepower 22 hp The cylinder had to be warmed up optional creeper box a closed cab was offered from 1953. Transmission 6 forward, with petrol ignition, and then the 2 reverse engine would run as a semi-diesel. d Lanz 6017 Date 1957 Origin Germany Engine Lanz single-cylinder diesel Horsepower 60 hp Transmission 9 forward, 3 reverse Lanz had a long tradition of offering a specially equipped tractor for general road use and the largest in their range was no exception. The D6017 was offered with special gear ratios to give road speeds up to 19 mph (31 km/h). It was not John Deere’s policy to implement abrupt changes at Mannheim and these tractors continued to appear in Lanz colours for some time after the takeover. r Normag Zorge C10 Date 1952 Origin Germany Engine Farymann DL2 single-cylinder horizontal diesel Horsepower 10 hp Transmission 5 forward, 2 reverse The C10 was the smallest tractor offered by Normag. The drive from the hopper-cooled, single-cylinder engine to the gearbox was transmitted by twin belts. The gear ratios were much higher than usual for an agricultural tractor. Although a small tractor, it was very well-equipped with steering brakes, lights, pulley, and differential lock. l Porsche Coffee Train P312 Date 1954 Origin Germany Engine Porsche 2-cylinder petrol Horsepower 24 hp Transmission Direct drive Porsche produced about 300 of these tractors. The streamlined bodywork was designed so as not to damage the bushes set out in rows in the coffee plantations of Brazil – the destination for the entire production run. Although all the other Porsche tractors had diesel engines, the P312 was built with a petrol engine – the coffee growers did not want to subject their crops to diesel engine fumes.

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127 u Fahr D130 Johann Georg Fahr founded his u John Deere-Lanz 2416 company, which produced agricultural Date 1956 Origin Germany equipment, in 1870. This model came in Date 1961 Origin Germany Engine Guldner 2LD four versions: the regular D130, the Engine John Deere-Lanz single-cylinder 2-cylinder diesel D130H high-clearance model, the D130A full diesel Horsepower 17 hp with longer wheelbase, and the D130AH, Horsepower 25 hp Transmission 5 forward, which was a combination of A and H. Transmission 9 forward, 3 reverse 1 reverse; optional low Later by a series of mergers, Fahr became creeper gearbox part of SAME Deutz-Fahr (SDF). John Deere acquired Heinrich Lanz AG in 1956, at which time there were 19 Lanz models in production. John Deere continued with the single-cylinder tractors, but slowly introduced updates and modiﬁcations to the range. This included replacing the traditional Lanz colours with their own green and yellow livery. r Schlüter AS503 Date 1961 Origin Germany Engine Schlüter 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 50 hp Transmission Spur gear The company was founded in 1898, and was run by three generations of Anton Schlüter’s until the 1980s. Tractor production started in 1937 but was disrupted by WWII. Known for its high-quality products, Schlüter produced the ﬁrst 100-hp tractor built by a German manufacturer in 1964 and went on to build the ﬁrst German 500-hp tractor in 1978. u Hanomag R460 ATK The R460 ATK (A for pneumatic tyres, and TK for the Voith ﬂuid coupling between the engine Date 1962 Origin Germany and gearbox) was a robust, high-quality tractor Engine Hanomag D57 that was specially adapted for road work. A wide 4-cylinder diesel range of attachments was available for this Horsepower 60 hp machine: the model shown here is ﬁtted with Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse a front pusher plate and a full driver’s canopy.

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128 . 1952–1964 Lanz Bulldog In 1921 the simple, reliable Bulldog, the most famous of all the tractors to carry the Lanz name, began what was to become a 35-year production run. The idea of developing the German ﬁrm’s ﬁrst true tractor was the brainchild of Dr Karl Lanz, son of the company’s founder Heinrich Lanz, but it was his decision to employ Dr Fritz Huber as his chief engineer that brought the concept to fruition. BY THE EARLY 1950s Lanz was offering two distinct ranges of “semi-diesel” Hydraulic lift lever Bulldog tractors, based on the 06 machines launched just before World War II. for implements The D2206 was the largest in the smaller line of models, all of which used the same engine with a 130-mm bore and 170-mm stroke. The ﬁrst two numbers of the model designation signiﬁed maximum horsepower output, which could be varied via the use of different ﬁxed engine speeds. The smaller range also consisted of 17-hp and 19-hp models. The larger line’s 28-, 32-, and 36-hp machines shared a bigger engine with a 150-mm bore and 210-mm stroke. Lanz kept pace with advancing technology, and later tractors were equipped with a transmission offering six forward and two reverse speeds and were ﬁtted with pneumatic tyres. FRONT VIEW Rear tyres larger than on previous models REAR VIEW

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SPECIFICATIONS THE DETAILS 1 LANZ BULLDOG . 129 Model Built Lanz Bulldog D2206 1. Bulldog badge with horsepower 2 Origin rating on the front of the tractor Production c. 1952–53 2. Front-wheel hub 3. Fuel tap 4 Engine Germany 4. Pressure gauge 5. Transmission levers 6. Implement lift lever 6,298 22 hp Lanz horizontal single-cylinder semi-diesel, petrol-assisted starting Capacity 138 cu.in (2,260 cc) 3 Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Top speed 12.4 mph (20 km/h) Length 9 ft 1 in (2.76 m) Weight 1.4 tons (1.4 tonnes) Single-element Large-diameter 5 air cleaner exhaust 6 Steering rod Engine cowling connects directly restyled to to front axle improve cooling Post-war design With a 22-hp output, the D2206 Lanz Bulldog was a mid-sized machine for its time. Despite that, it beneﬁted from the adventurousness of post-war engineers who created lighter, faster machines that were capable of much more work than their heavier predecessors. Flywheel protected by signwritten cover

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Tracks Across Antarctica In 1957 New Zealand explorer Sir Edmund Hillary was tasked Leaving Scott Base on 14 October 1957, Hillary and his team with establishing a supply chain for the Commonwealth made excellent progress despite having to cope with blizzards, Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Hillary’s team would set out from ice crevasses, and temperatures down to -32.8ºF (-36ºC). Scott Base on the Ross Ice Shelf to support the main party, led Leaving the ﬁnal drop on 20 December, and hearing that Fuchs by British scientist Dr Vivian Fuchs, which was crossing in the was delayed, Hillary decided to push his little tractors another opposite direction – from Shackleton Base on the Weddell Sea. 500 miles (805 km) to the South Pole. The Fergusons, pressed to the limit, swept into the US’s South Pole Station just 17 days DASH TO THE SOUTH POLE later, having crossed 1,250 miles (2,011 km) of some of the most inhospitable terrain on earth, beating Fuchs by 16 days. Hillary’s team had three Ferguson TE-A20 tractors, which ran on petrol and were modiﬁed for arctic conditions with ﬂexible Sir Edmund Hillary (left) and his team make their triumphal arrival at the tracks ﬁtted around the front and rear wheels. Fuchs’s party was South Pole at 12.30 pm on 4 January 1958. even better equipped and with the latest US Tucker Sno-cats.

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132 . 1952–1965 u Fiat 55 Fiat crawlers had a reputation for being among the best, and the 55 was no Crawlers Around the World Date 1951 Origin Italy exception. The design was practically Engine Fiat 4-cylinder a copy of the Caterpillar D4, even down During the 1950s the mid-horsepower range of crawler tractors were the main diesel to the horizontal, two-cylinder petrol source of power on farms all over the world. Manufacturers from several countries Horsepower 50 hp engine for starting. Priced at around competed to satisfy the demand. There were two basic versions: the multi-cylinder Transmission 5 forward, £2,700 in the UK, the 55 was expensive machine and the single-cylinder type. The US and UK manufacturers favoured 1 reverse and therefore rare in that country. almost exclusively the multi-cylinder type, the exception being the single-cylinder British Fowler VF/VFA from the Marshall Organization. Builders in Continental d Breda 50TCR The 50TCR had a massive 14-litre, Europe produced both types, but preferred the single-cylinder type. single-cylinder engine and was Date 1952 Origin Italy in production from 1947 to 1953. l Ursus OMP 55C Engine Breda single-cylinder The Italian market for crawlers was the hot bulb lamp start diesel largest in the world outside the US. Date 1952 Origin Poland Horsepower 50 hp Breda’s crawlers were popular in Italy Engine Ursus single-cylinder lamp- Transmission 4 forward, and certain parts of Europe, but never start semi-diesel 2 reverse made any inroads into the US market. Horsepower 50 hp Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse The OMP 55 used a single-cylinder, lamp-start, semi-diesel engine. These engines were capable of producing their full-rated horsepower on a variety of low-grade liquid fuels. The inconvenience of having to heat the hot bulb with a blow lamp was outweighed by the economy that was returned.

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133 d Bubba Ariete r David Brown Trackmaster Diesel 50 Date 1953 Origin Italy Engine Bubba single-cylinder lamp Date 1953 Origin UK start semi-diesel Engine David Brown 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 40 hp Horsepower 50 hp Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The Bubba Ariete was in production David Brown made a serious attempt from 1938 to 1954 when it retailed at to enter the crawler market and was 4 million lira. The tractor followed comparatively successful with agricultural the basic design used by Lanz of sales. The Diesel 50, later called the Germany, the popular features of the 50TD, was DB’s ﬁrst six-cylinder model design being mechanical simplicity, and it shared its engine with the 50D reliability, and the ability to run on wheeled tractor. The crawlers were low-grade fuel. produced entirely in-house. u Howard Platypus PD4 The Platypus Tractor Co. was a (R6) subsidiary of Rotary Hoes Ltd, Horndon, Essex. The PD4 (R6) was Date 1955 Origin UK their most powerful offering, but Engine Perkins R6 6-cylinder it had limited success. Only 15 diesel were recorded as being built; a Horsepower 70 hp Leyland-engined version is also Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse listed, but it did not sell. u Track-Marshall The Track-Marshall was one of the most successful British-built crawlers. It satisﬁed the need for more power Date 1958 Origin UK than was available from the earlier VF machine with its Engine Perkins L4 4-cylinder diesel single-cylinder Marshall engine. It had a Perkins L4 ﬁt into Horsepower 48 hp an upgraded VF chassis, and came with a four or ﬁve Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse roller-track frame, and a full range of attachments. r Motomeccanica CP3C u Minneapolis-Moline Motrac Minneapolis-Moline (MM) was never a serious crawler manufacturer. Date 1960 Origin Italy Date 1960 Origin USA The Motrac appeared in 1960 Engine Perkins P3 3-cylinder diesel Engine Minneapolis-Moline with 160 units being produced; one Horsepower 24 hp D206A-4 4-cylinder diesel further unit was built in 1961. The Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 59 hp diesel version used the MM D206A-4 Transmission Direct drive or engine, and the petrol version used This small CP3C crawler was built for use torque converter with shuttle the MM 206M-4 engine. Only 39 on small hillside farms and vineyards. The forward and reverse of the petrol tractors were built. company started business as Pavesi & Tolotti, but when Tolotti retired in 1919 it was renamed Motomeccanica. The ﬁrst tractors were sold under the name Balilla.

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134 . 1952-1964 Straddling Crops u John Deere Model GH High-clearance and rowcrop tractors have much in common. Date 1952 Origin USA Both are specially adapted versions of standard models designed Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal parafﬁn mainly for working between rows of crop plants. The special Horsepower 36 hp feature of high-clearance models is that they provide extra height Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse for straddling taller plants, which complicates the ﬁnal drive to the wheels. As sales volumes were small, the conversion work was John Deere engineers produced numerous often left to specialist companies that used skid units provided conversions to meet special crop requirements by the leading manufacturers. Some high-clearance models had including the Hi-Crop, or GH, version of their special rowcrop driving wheels and tyres, resulting in a much Model G. The unstyled Model G arrived in slimmer alternative that reduced the risk of crop damage. 1938, followed in 1941 by a styled version with an uprated speciﬁcation. u International Farmall MDV l David Brown 850 “Super” High Clearance Date 1954 Origin USA Engine International 4-cylinder diesel Date 1962 Origin UK Horsepower 38 hp Engine David Brown 4-cylinder diesel Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The Farmall M was essentially the rowcrop version of the McCormick-Deering W-6. Versions included David Brown’s experimental department built this the diesel-powered MD and the high-clearance tractor for a blackcurrant grower. It was a special MV – the V stands for “vegetable”. The tractor order and only one was built. The reduction units here is a diesel-engined, high-clearance model. incorporated a vertical train of gears to raise the rear axle more than 3 ft (1 m) off the ground. l Massey Ferguson 35 Hi-Clear Date 1963 Origin UK Engine Perkins A3-152 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 30 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse This high-clearance version of the MF35 was one of several adaptations made by Standen of St. Ives, Cambridgeshire and Lenﬁeld Engineering, Ashford, Kent. The conversion included a modiﬁed front axle and rowcrop rear wheels and tyres. This tractor was used by vegetable and produce growers in Lincolnshire, UK.

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STRADDLING CROPS . 135 u County Hi-Drive TALKING POINT Date 1962 or 1963 Origin UK Extreme Hi-clear Engine Ford 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 52 hp Nicknamed “Daddy Long-Legs”, this Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse special high-clearance tractor, based on an ex-military Ford WOT6 truck, was Most County tractors were tracklaying or four-wheel designed and manufactured by County drive conversions, but the Hi-Drive was a two-wheel drive for Pest Control of Cambridge in 1946. with its ground clearance increased to 30 in (76 cm). Built Used to spray cordon apple orchards in mainly for export, particularly for sugarcane work, it was the UK and coffee plantations overseas, based on the Fordson Super Major. it had a ground clearance of 7 ft (2.1 m). Tallest tractor Seen outside County’s works at Fleet, Hampshire, the tractor’s front forks were mounted on telescopic dampers. u Ford Powermaster 951 The 900 series tractors were rowcrop models in the Powermaster range. They Date 1959 Origin USA were equipped with a 2.8-litre uprated Engine Ford 4-cylinder petrol version of the Ford Red Tiger engine, ﬁrst Horsepower 44 hp developed in 1953. The 951 was offered in Transmission 5 forward, LPG (liqueﬁed petroleum gas) and petrol 1 reverse versions plus a new diesel model. u Oliver 1650 Date 1964 Origin USA Engine Oliver 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 66 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse These distinctively styled 50 series tractors were available from the mid-1960s, with six models on sale. The Oliver 1650 was offered with either petrol or diesel engines, and it was made with tricycle and wide front axle models as well as high-clearance.

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136 . 1952–1964 Smaller Tractors for Special Tasks The rise in average horsepower had been a tractor market feature since the 1920s and continued as farmers demanded greater output and efﬁciency, but not everyone needed a big tractor. In some situations compact size, reduced weight, and lower running costs can be more useful than massive pulling power – examples include market gardens, intensive livestock farms, specialist fruit growers, and vineyards. Small size need not mean a basic speciﬁcation: features such as articulated steering, four-wheel drive, and versatility were available on some low-horsepower tractors in the 1950s and 1960s. u International Super H Good manoeuvrability and generous ground clearance made the Super H Date 1958 Origin USA ideal for working in vegetables and other Engine International 4-cylinder petrol specialist crops. The compact size and Horsepower 30 hp light weight made it a popular choice Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse for smallholdings and market gardens. u Lanz Alldog A1806 Few small tractors match the Alldog’s versatility. Removing Date 1956 Origin Germany the tipping load container converts Engine MWM 2-cylinder it into a tool carrier for mid-mounted air-cooled diesel implements – the list of options Horsepower 18 hp included haymaking equipment Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse and a portable milking machine. r Kiva Date 1955 Origin France Engine Bernard W112 single-cylinder petrol Horsepower 8 hp Transmission Belt and pulley drive The Kiva tractor was designed in the 1930s for mountainous areas and most carried a mowing attachment for making hay, but the special plough on this tractor is rare. Early versions used Chaise engines, later replaced by Bernard, and production ended with a VM diesel version. u David Brown 2D David Brown’s tool carrier was r Holder A10 designed with a rear engine, an Date 1957 Origin UK open frame, and space for mid- Date 1957 Origin Germany Engine David Brown 2-cylinder mounted implements to give the Engine Holder air-cooled diesel air-cooled diesel driver a clear view for accurate Horsepower 10 hp Horsepower 14 hp rowcrop steering. The implement Transmission 3 forward, Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse lift mechanism used compressed air. 1 reverse Holder began building pedestrian-controlled, two- wheeled tractors in the 1930s. Its ﬁrst four-wheel-drive tractor with articulated steering, the A10, was designed in 1954 for working in vineyards; it was also a popular market garden tractor.

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SMALLER TRACTORS FOR SPECIAL TASKS . 137 u Oliver 660 Date 1959 Origin USA Engine Oliver 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 30 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The Oliver 60 model became the 66 in 1948. It was updated to become the Super 66 in 1954, and then re-emerged as the 660 in 1959. Rowcrop and regular wheel layouts were available, plus diesel and petrol engine options. l John Deere 720 The 20 series added yellow to John Deere’s green colour and Date 1957 Origin USA introduced an improved hydraulic Engine John Deere 2-cylinder system. The cylindrical tank on this LPG or petrol/parafﬁn tractor holds liqueﬁed petroleum Horsepower 55 hp gas (LPG) fuel, a low-cost option Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse in some areas in the US. d SAME SameCar SA42T Francesco Cassani, who owned the SAME company, sketched the initial Date 1961 Origin Italy SameCar design during a family Engine SAME 4-cylinder holiday. His idea was a 25-mph air-cooled diesel (40-km/h) load-carrying tractor with Horsepower 42 hp a comfortable cab, but it was costly Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse to produce and did not sell well. u OTO Vigneron R3 The OTO Melara company started making military equipment in 1905 Date 1960 Origin Italy but turned brieﬂy to building tractors Engine OTO single-cylinder after WWII. They started with the R3 diesel vineyard tractor, powered by an Horsepower 17 hp air-cooled engine, and also available as Transmission 6 forward, a highly manoeuvrable three-wheeler 2 reverse and in a four-wheeled version.

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138 . 1939–1951 David Brown at the Great Manufacturers wheel of a DB 25 tractor in 1953 David Brown David Brown exuded that great British tradition of putting engineering excellence before monetary considerations. It did not have the resources of the global manufacturers, but it took them on, and often beat them, on the world stage. The little company with big ideas was responsible for many industry “ﬁrsts”. DAVID BROWN FOUNDED HIS Force’s Spitﬁre aircraft’s Merlin Six-cylinder model The largest wheeled tractor in David business in the Yorkshire town engines, which put the tractor Brown’s new range of 1953 was the six-cylinder 50D model, which was a of Huddersﬁeld in the mid-19th division on a ﬁrm ﬁnancial footing. powerful contender, but suffered without having a hydraulic linkage. Sales were century, and its roots were in gear Post-war tractors included the disappointing and most were exported. manufacturing. The man famous Cropmaster, concerns in the entire industry, eclipsing the developments of with the vision to propel which was built from many larger manufacturers. the organization into 1947 to 1953 and enjoyed Many of the features taken for granted on tractors by the 1950s, tractor building was the a phenomenal production such as the turnbuckle top-link and dished wheel-centres for founder’s grandson, also run of nearly 60,000 altering track width, were all David Brown “ﬁrsts”. The called David Brown, units sold worldwide. company also pioneered high- speed, direct-injection diesel who entered into an Crawlers, narrow, and engines, six-speed gearboxes, and agreement to industrial tractors were Record sales The introduction of a new range of manufacture Harry David Brown emblem soon added to the range Implematic models in 1961 broke the Ferguson’s Type A showing the roses of as David Brown tried to record for the number of tractors model in 1936. Lancashire and Yorkshire. live up to its slogan of dispatched from the Meltham factory, with 70 per cent going for export. The venture with Ferguson was “Mechanising the World’s Farms”. short-lived and fractious; it ended in The early 1950s’ line-up consisted 1939 after Ferguson formed a new of the 25, 25D, 30C, 30D, and 50D partnership with Ford in the US. wheeled tractors, the 30T, 30TD, and However, young (later Sir) David 50TD crawlers, and a whole host of Brown was keen to continue tractor industrial models. David Brown had production, forming David Brown built aircraft-towing tractors for the Tractors Ltd to build a new model Royal Air Force during World War II, in a complex of empty cotton mills and this association continued into in nearby Meltham. peacetime with a number of specialist Painted in David Brown’s models built for both military and trademark livery of “Hunting Pink”, civilian use. the new David Brown tractor (later David Brown’s small but skilled designated VAK1) was modern in engineering team was headed by its both appearance and speciﬁcation, but technical director Herbert Ashﬁeld its production was limited by the and chief engineer Charles Hull. Both outbreak of World War II. During the were truly inventive and made their war, the Meltham Mills factory built budget go a long way as the company transmissions for the British Royal Air became one of the most innovative “ Tractor production ... not only survived, it ﬂourished.” SIR DAVID BROWN

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DAVID BROWN . 139 VAK1 850 Implematic 990 Case IH 1594 1860 David Brown, the founder of the 1940 Contract awarded to build towing 1959 Implematic hydraulic system 1973 Uniﬁed colour scheme adopted for organization, begins trading as a tractors for the Air Ministry introduced David Brown and Case tractors pattern maker in Huddersﬁeld 1947 First Cropmaster tractor rolls off the 1960 Meltham plant supplies tractors to the 1977 Half-millionth tractor is auctioned for 1931 The grandson of the company’s assembly line Oliver Corporation in the US the Queen’s Silver Jubilee Appeal founder, also named David Brown, becomes managing director 1949 David Brown builds its ﬁrst diesel 1964 Selectamatic hydraulic system 1979 New David Brown 90 series launched tractor launched in Monaco 1936 Agreement to build Harry Ferguson’s Type A tractor at Park Works 1953 New tractor range launched at 1965 Livery of David Brown tractors changes 1983 David Brown name dropped from Harrogate from red to white bonnet with launch of Case 94 series 1939 David Brown Tractor Ltd is formed and a New David Brown tractor is 1955 Unique 2D toolbar tractor released. 1971 Hydra-Shift, semi-automatic 1985 Tenneco merges International exhibited at the Royal Show in David Brown is awarded the Royal transmission goes into production Harvester with Case to form Case IH Windsor Great Park Warrant for agricultural machinery. Harrison, McGregor & Guest acquired 1972 David Brown Tractors Ltd acquired by 1988 The ﬁnal David Brown tractor, a Case IH Tenneco and merged with Case 1594 model, built at Meltham the two-speed power takeoff. launched in 1956, suffered from David Brown’s Aston Martin division, Queen’s tractor The ﬁrst David Brown diesel tractor, reliability problems and failed to which was another drain on resources. Included on David Brown’s stand at the 1977 called the Cropmaster Diesel, was live up to expectations, but the It was rumoured that the sports car Smithﬁeld Show was its 500,000th tractor, a launched in 1949. Implematic models that followed company was draining the tractor special DB 1412 model, auctioned on behalf of heralded a new era of success for company to the tune of £1 million per the Queen’s Silver Jubilee Appeal. Perhaps the most exciting the organization. year. The banks stepped in and David development of this period was Brown was forced to divest both its years later, Tenneco acquired the introduction of the innovative By 1964 David Brown was tractor and car operations. International Harvester and merged 2D rowcrop tractor with its ground- exporting to 95 countries and it with Case to form Case IH. The breaking air-operated lift. The overseas sales accounted for four- The David Brown tractor division inevitable rationalization of models company also diversiﬁed into farm ﬁfths of production. The following was acquired by US industrial giant and production facilities saw the machinery after buying Harrison, year saw the launch of the new Tenneco, and merged with its J.I. Case former David Brown factory under McGregor & Guest Ltd and its Albion Selectamatic range of tractors with organization in 1972. A uniﬁed, red threat when Doncaster was chosen as range of implements in 1955. a more sophisticated hydraulic and white colour scheme was adopted the main UK production centre for system and a change of livery for David Brown and Case tractors the merged organization. David Brown now had the largest from red to white. the following year. Under Case’s tractor line in the UK, but was also in ownership, it looked as if Meltham’s The announcement that Meltham danger of becoming overstretched. With sales buoyant, David Brown future was assured, and a new range was to stop tractor production was Some rationalization was needed and invested heavily in new production of DB 90 series tractors was launched made in 1986. The last machine, a red the range was slimmed down during facilities at Meltham, but their in a fanfare of publicity at Monte Carlo Case IH 1594 model, rolled off the the late 1950s. The new 900 tractor, completion coincided with a downturn in 1979, but a volatile world economy plant’s assembly line at 10.43 am on in world markets. At the time the meant that more changes were on 11 March 1988 – and the David Brown tractor business was also parent to the horizon. era was over. The factory continued to operate as a much reduced facility, An improved range of Case 94 supplying components to Case’s series tractors, but without the David worldwide operations. The axe ﬁnally Brown name on the bonnet, was fell in June 1993 when Meltham’s introduced at Meltham in 1983. Two closure was announced.

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140 . 1952–1965 Greater Horsepower, More Cylinders Choosing a bigger tractor with more engine power can be a cost-effective way to boost output and efﬁciency, and tractor horsepower in the 1950s and 1960s had already started on the upward trend that still continues some 50 years later. The engine details show diesel power was becoming a popular choice for US-built tractors in the medium to high horsepower sector, often in a six-cylinder format. Some of the manufacturers were also offering better transmissions with a more generous choice of gear ratios for converting the engine power into drawbar pull. u Chamberlain 60DA The Chamberlain family designed tractors for Australian farms, and Date 1953 Origin Australia the 60DA model was their ﬁrst Engine General Motors 3–71 diesel machine. At 66 hp it was said 3-cylinder diesel to be the most powerful tractor Horsepower 66 hp available in Australia when Transmission 9 forward, 3 reverse production started in 1953.  Oliver Super 99 Date 1954 Origin USA Engine Oliver-Waukesha 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 65 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The Oliver Corp. was probably the ﬁrst wheeled tractor manufacturer in the US to embrace diesel technology fully. The Super 99, which was the most powerful model in the Super range, introduced in 1954, was ﬁtted with a six-cylinder diesel engine that was developed in collaboration with Waukesha and featured the Lanova combustion system. d John Deere 830 Date 1960 Origin USA Engine John Deere 2-cylinder horizontal diesel Horsepower 75.6 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Mechanically, the 830 was similar to the previous 820 model, but there were new driver safety features. A signiﬁcant change was adding electric starting to the options list, an indication that the big diesel engine was becoming easier to start. u Case Model 500 Some features on the 500 were far from new including the roller-chain ﬁnal drive Case Date 1956 Origin USA had featured in 1929, but this was its ﬁrst Engine Case 6-cylinder indirect injection diesel diesel-powered tractor. The 500 was also Horsepower 64 hp the last new model launched before Case Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse switched from its familiar red paint colour.

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141 u Massey Ferguson 98 The 90 series models bought in by u Massey Ferguson 97 The 97 was one of several models Massey Ferguson to expand their big acquired from rival companies to Date 1960 Origin USA tractor range included the 98 model Date 1962 Origin USA ﬁll a power gap at the top of the Engine General Motors 3–71 built by Oliver and supplied as an MF Engine Minneapolis-Moline Massey Ferguson range. The MF97, 3-cylinder diesel lookalike. Oliver supplied 500 of these 6-cylinder diesel a Minneapolis-Moline G705 tractor Horsepower 79 hp tractors, which were powered by an Horsepower 102 hp in disguise, made history as the Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse unusual “soft-blown” engine. Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse ﬁrst MF tractor to exceed 100 hp. u International Farmall 560 Date 1961 Origin USA Engine International 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 65 hp Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse; optional torque ampliﬁer The 560 was available with petrol and LPG (liqueﬁed petroleum gas) engines as well as diesel, and it was the diesel version that was gaining customers. Design problems led to a massive recall, allowing John Deere to steal market leadership from International. l John Deere 5010 The 5010 was part of the “New Generation of Power” range of John Deere tractors Date 1963 Origin USA announced in the early 1960s to replace more Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel than 40 years of two-cylinder tractor engines. Horsepower 121 hp The new models used four- and six-cylinder Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse power with the emphasis on diesel.

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142 . 1952–1964 Doe Triple-D Originating from the US and Australia, the idea of linking two tractors in tandem to multiply power and traction was introduced to the British farming fraternity by the Essex agricultural engineering ﬁrm of Ernest Doe & Sons. Doe, a Ford dealership, adopted the idea of one of its customers, George Pryor, who began experimenting in 1957 with an articulated machine based on two Fordson tractors to plough his heavy clay soil. PRYOR’S DESIGN used a turntable arrangement The driver sat on the rear tractor and could select New performance to join the two tractors together with the vehicle the gears on the front unit using a manual linkage The ﬁnal version of the Triple-D, steered by two pairs of two hydraulic rams. Doe that ran across the bonnet. Concerns over the based on the “New Performance” reﬁned the design and put it into production in safety of this arrangement saw it replaced in May Super Major, was introduced in 1958 as the Doe Dual Power based on two Fordson 1960 with a system of hydraulic master cylinder 1963 with stronger bearings Power Majors. After changes were made to satisfy and slave assemblies to operate the various controls and bushes for the turntable. the requirements of the vehicle licensing authority, remotely. Later machines were based on Super The price was now £2,450 the tractor reappeared the following year as the Major tractors and more than 280 were built before and Doe offered an optional Doe Dual Drive or “Triple-D” for short. the model was replaced by the Doe 130 in 1964. heavy-duty linkage assembly for an extra £100. Extra-heavy-duty linkage with two auxiliary rams Oil reservoir for power steering Steering rams Trunnion provides lateral movement

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THE DETAILS 1 4 DOE TRIPLE-D . 143 5 1. Serial number of each Triple-D stamped on 2 FRONT manufacturer’s plate afﬁxed to the bonnet VIEW 2. Control box on the front tractor contains the slave rams that operate gear selection REAR 3. Turntable links the two tractor units with two VIEW steering rams mounted either side 4. Remote master cylinder arrangement on the rear tractor controls the gear-change on the front unit 5. Driver can control the functions of both tractor units from the rear seat 3 SPECIFICATIONS Doe Triple-D Fuel tank holds Model 1964 141⁄2 gallons (66 l) Built UK Origin 289 Production Engine 2 x 54 hp Fordson 4-cylinder diesels giving a combined 108 hp Capacity 220 cu.in (3,600 cc) per engine Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Top speed 16.18 mph (26 km/h) Length 20 ft 4 in (6.2 m) Weight 4.7 tons (4.8 tonnes) Toolbox Four-cylinder Fordson diesel engine delivers 54 hp

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144 . 1952–1964 l Steiger No. 1 Increasing Power Date 1958 Origin USA Engine Detroit Diesel V-6 diesel There were several reasons for the increase in four-wheel-drive (4WD) Horsepower 238 hp tractor sales during the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the UK and other Transmission N/A European countries. One factor was evidence that 4WD can increase pulling power by 10 per cent or more in difﬁcult conditions, boosting When the Steiger brothers were work rates and making more efﬁcient use of labour and fuel. There were unable to buy a big tractor for also safety beneﬁts resulting from increased stability, particularly when their 4,000-acre (1,619 hectare) handling a heavy load in the mud or on a steep downhill slope. farm in Minnesota, they built their own in 1957–58, and this l Fiat 25R 4RM was it. The result attracted requests for a similar tractor Date c.1960 Origin Italy and was the start of the Steiger Engine Fiat 4-cylinder tractor business. petrol/parafﬁn Horsepower 27 hp d County Super-4 Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse or 10 forward, 2 reverse Date 1961 Origin UK Engine Ford 4-cylinder diesel Available from 1951 the 25 was the Horsepower 52 hp ﬁrst tractor with Fiat’s new orange Transmission 6 forward, paint ﬁnish. It was produced as 2 reverse numerous versions with diesel and parafﬁn engines, two- and four-wheel The Super-4 started County’s drive, vineyard, and forestry models, four-wheel-drive success story. plus the 25C tracklayer model. Previously, the company built tracklayers plus the skid-steer Four-Drive, but the Super-4 was based on a Fordson Super Major skid unit with two propeller shafts driving the front wheels. u Wagner TR-9 Wagner four-wheel-drive tractors were sold under their own name through the 1950s, Date 1955 Origin USA and they also made some for John Deere. Engine Cummins 4-cylinder diesel Production began with the TR series models Horsepower 120 hp with outputs up to 165 hp, but they were Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse followed by updated WA models. l Doe Triple-D Four-wheel-drive traction and (Dual Drive) around 100-hp output made Doe tractors a popular choice, Date 1964 Origin UK while the big companies were concentrating on smaller Engine 2 x 54 hp Fordson models and two-wheel drive. 4-cylinder diesels The downside was having two engines to service and two Horsepower 108 hp fuel tanks to ﬁll. Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse

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INCREASING POWER . 145 TALKING POINT TOYS Diecast toy tractors by makers such as Britains, Dinky Toys, and Siku were made to be played with and used ones have often lost some paint and a tyre or two. Good examples are highly collectable, and there is also a growing range of tractor and machinery models from Ertl and others to meet the increasing demand from specialist collectors. u Matbro Mastiff The Mathews brothers, after whom the Matbro Boxed-up Early examples of diecast model tractors are company was named, developed an improved popular with specialist collectors, especially those with Date 1962 Origin UK pivot-steering system used on Matbro four-wheel- the original box, such as this Matchbox series Fordson. Engine Ford 6-cylinder industrial diesel drive tractors and, with more success, on its Horsepower 100 hp agricultural and industrial loaders. Matbro Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse later licensed its use by Caterpillar. u Roadless 6/4 The ﬁrst of Roadless Traction’s Ploughmaster models was the Date 1963 Origin UK 6/4 with the ﬁgures indicating a Engine Ford 6-cylinder six-cylinder engine and four-wheel commercial diesel drive. Roadless conversions were Horsepower 76 hp based on various tractor makes Transmission 6 forward, and models, with Fordson and 2 reverse Ford at the top of the list. r Dutra UE-28 Dutra is best-known for high horsepower, four-wheel drives, but Date 1965 Origin Hungary the 28 series was sold mainly with Engine Csepel 2-cylinder diesel two-wheel drive and this UE four-wheel Horsepower 28 hp version is unusual. The large engine Transmission 6 forward, compartment is deceptive as it houses 2 reverse a small, two-cylinder diesel.

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Amphibious Tractor In 1963 British manufacturer County Commercial Cars Ltd, across the English Channel on 30 July 1963. While making its developed an amphibious tractor that could be used for offshore crossing from Cap Gris Nez on the French coast to Kingsdown survey work. Based on County’s four-wheel drive, Super-4 near Dover, Kent, the County Sea Horse became the only tractor tractor, the machine was marketed as the Sea Horse. The tractor ever logged by the UK’s South Goodwin lightship. was equipped with ﬂotation tanks front and rear, and had watertight compartments in each wheel for extra buoyancy. On its arrival in England, the Sea Horse was immediately put Special oversized tyres were ﬁtted with the tread facing to the to work cultivating a ﬁeld to show that it could perform equally rear so that the deep lugs provided forward propulsion. well on land as on water. Unfortunately, after a couple of minutes it ran out of diesel, demonstrating what a close run CROSSING THE CHANNEL thing the sea crossing had been. In an unrivalled publicity stunt to promote the Sea Horse, The crossing of 28 nautical miles (52 km) took 7 hours 50 minutes at an County’s engineering director, David Tapp, drove the machine average speed of 3.5 knots; David Tapp’s only problem was boredom.

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1965–1980 THE NEW GENERATION

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1965–1980 . 151 THE NEW GENERATION The mid-1960s saw the introduction of what Key events the industry commentators referred to as the r 1964 Sweden makes rollover protection mandatory on all tractors second generation of post-war tractors with driven by employed labour. Safety cabs become compulsory in the UK in 1970. sleeker styling, ergonomic controls, multiple- r 1965 China introduces its ﬁrst mass- speed transmissions, and more sophisticated produced tractor – the Dongfanghong 28 built by Changchun Tractor Group. hydraulic systems. Reliability was improved, r 1966 David Brown is granted a along with better accessibility for routine Queen’s Award to Industry for export achievement. It also received the same servicing from the dealers. award in 1968, 1971, and 1978. Typical of the new introductions were Massey r 1970 Lely, Holland, launches its 87-hp Hydro 90 tractor with a hydrostatic Ferguson’s “Red Giants” and Ford’s 6X range, transmission. which were both launched at the end of 1964. r 1971 The US Department of Transportation prepares a report on Signiﬁcantly, these new ranges were Federal Safety Standards for Tractors, but concludes that the industry should homogenous models aimed at global markets, set its own voluntary code. and designed to go into simultaneous u Quiet cabs r 1972 John Deere unveils Generation ll production in factories right across the world. Ford introduced sound-insulated cabs to meet tractors with Sound-Gard cabs. Sharing common components allowed for UK noise level regulations for agricultural enormous savings in development and tractor cabs that came into force in 1976. r 1976 Versatile of Canada introduces “Big Roy” – a 600-hp articulated tractor production costs. More importantly, it gave the tractor manufacturers a worldwide with four axles and eight-wheel drive. corporate identity as the industry embraced globalization. r 1976 UK noise level regulations for agricultural tractor cabs implemented. With drivers spending more hours in the seat, there were concerns about r 1977 Ford celebrates 60 years of operator comfort and wellbeing, which lead to the introduction of rollover tractor production. protection structures (ROPS), safety cabs, and quiet cabs, or “Q-cabs” . Heaters, r 1977 Big Bud of Montana builds the world’s largest agricultural tractor – radios, air-conditioning, and power steering became the norm. The continuing the 900-hp 16V-747. race for power and productivity saw the rise of the articulated giants, particularly r 1978 Fiat becomes the world’s ﬁfth largest tractor manufacturer. in North America and Australia, as the prairie tractors returned. u Four-wheel drive Overall tractor sales increased during the 1970s on the back of rising Rugged, four-wheel-drive system and luxury Spacecab were the selling points on commodity prices, but by the end of the decade the outlook was gloomy. Muir-Hill’s 121 series lll tractor in 1978. Mechanization had caused a seismic shift in agriculture and had depopulated the land. The improved performance of the latest machines meant greater acreages could be farmed with fewer tractors, and sales began to tumble in the face of growing competition from Eastern Europe, Japan, and India in many of the global markets. “ ... the tractor did not create more jobs than it abolished.” ROBERT C. WILLIAMS, US HISTORIAN (1931–)  Futuristic artwork on this 1971 Minneapolis-Moline brochure emphasizes the arrival of a new generation of tractors.

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152 . 1966–1980 Progress in the US Major design changes on US mid-range tractors during the late 1960s and early 1970s included a rapid increase in the number of diesel models, encouraged partly by the success of the diesel tractors arriving from the UK. For driver comfort and convenience, features such as power steering, improved seat designs, and even the occasional canopies and cabs were added. Transmission improvements included a greater choice of gears plus easier shifting, although four-wheel drive progress remained slow. r Case 1200 Traction King Case entered the four-wheel drive arena in 1964 with its 1200 Traction Date 1964 Origin USA King, a rigid-frame machine with Engine Case 6-cylinder crab-steering and a heavy-duty turbocharged diesel industrial transmission. It was hurried Horsepower 120 hp onto the market using a turbocharged Transmission 6 forward, 6 reverse version of an existing Case engine. u Case 1030 The 1030 diesel arrived in 1966 to d John Deere 4020 Comfort King take Case into what was then the exclusive 100 hp plus sector of Date 1963 Origin USA Date 1967 Origin USA the market. It was available in two Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel Engine Case 6-cylinder diesel versions: the general-purpose Horsepower 91 hp Horsepower 102 hp 1031 seen here, plus a Western Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Special model known as the 1032. powershift Developments featured on the 20 series included a powershift transmission enabling the driver to shift on-the-go. The improved diesel engines had become an increasingly popular option and a four-wheel drive 4020 was introduced in 1966. u John Deere 6030 Date 1972 Origin USA Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel with turbocharger and intercooling Horsepower 176 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse The 6030 was the most powerful two-wheel drive tractor on the market at the time with the option of either a 141 hp naturally aspirated or a 176 hp turbocharged engine. This tractor was available with a canopy, but there was no full-cab option.

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PROGRESS IN THE US . 153 l Minneapolis-Moline G1350 In 1963 Minneapolis-Moline was bought by the White Motor Co., which Date 1969 Origin USA also owned the Oliver brand. The Engine Minneapolis-Moline Minneapolis-Moline G1350, which 6-cylinder diesel was also sold in Oliver colours as Horsepower 141 hp the 2155, was built for only two years Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse before being replaced by the G1355. r International “Gold Demonstrator” 1456 Date 1970 Origin USA Engine International 6-cylinder turbocharged diesel Horsepower 131 hp Transmission 8 forward, 4 reverse This was the rowcrop 1456 carrying the Farmall name, which was absent from the general-purpose model. International painted its demonstrators gold for the 1970 “Gold Demo” programme. The 1456’s options included a proper cab plus, signiﬁcantly, four-wheel drive. l International Hydro 100 Diesel Date 1974 Origin USA Engine International 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 104 hp Transmission 2-range hydrostatic International made a big effort to promote hydrostatic drive systems using an oil ﬂow instead of gears to transfer power to the driving wheels. The Hydro 100 was one of these special machines, but the idea was not widely adopted for tractors due to increased power losses. d Ford Commander 6000 Introduced in 1961 with petrol, diesel, and LPG (liqueﬁed petroleum gas) engine options, the Date 1967 Origin USA Ford 6000 was plagued by reliability issues. Engine Ford 6-cylinder diesel The problems were addressed in the improved Horsepower 66 hp Commander 6000, launched in 1964 as part of Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse Ford’s new “worldwide” tractor programme. u Oliver 2255 Diesel Date 1974 Origin USA Engine Caterpillar V8 diesel Horsepower 147 hp Transmission 18 forward, 2 reverse The 2255 was the Oliver entry in the tractor power contest that was developing in the US. It was one of the most powerful two-wheel drive models available, and was unusual in having a V8 engine. Dual driving wheels were standard equipment.

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154 . 1965–1980 Demonstration Great Manufacturers of a Case 20-40 Case tractor at a country fair Case IH is a global leader in agricultural equipment with more than 4,900 dealers operating in more than 160 countries. Today, it is part of the CNH organization, which incorporates the New Holland brand. It has a complicated legacy and one that can be traced back more than 380 years. THE FOUNDER OF THE MARQUE, Following Jerome’s death in 1891, Wallis tractors. The J.I. Case too expensive to compete with the Threshing Machine Company new generation of tractors coming Jerome Increase Case, was descended control of the J.I. Case Threshing was then renamed the J.I. Case onto the market. Company to reﬂect its emergence from English settler John Case, who Machine Company passed to his as a manufacturer with a full The Case Model C and L tractors product line. that appeared in 1929 had their left Kent in 1633 to seek a new life in brother-in-law, Stephen Bull. The engines mounted longitudinally in Case’s tractor line in the 1920s the conventional fashion, but the high the Massachusetts Bay Colony Bull family were astute consisted of a range of rugged standard of engineering remained machines with transverse engines. the same. These tractors were lighter on America’s east coast. Jerome businessmen and the company These “cross-motor” models had and more powerful than their an enviable reputation for quality predecessors, setting the design for began experimenting with continued to prosper despite engineering, but were too heavy and Case tractors for years to come. In threshing machines at tough competition. The same Farming with Case The Case tractor range for 1965 included the Rochester in Wisconsin in could not be said for the 1200 Traction King with four-wheel steering, the 30 Series models in six different power 1842. He eventually had J.I. Case Plow Works, which sizes, and the Colt compact tractor. holdings in two separate ﬂoundered ﬁnancially. concerns: the J.I. Case Jerome’s son, Jackson Case, had Threshing Machine desperately thrown in his hat Company and the with the latter concern, using J.I. Case Plow Works; both his and his sisters’ stock in both were located in the other company as collateral Racine, Wisconsin. for loans from the family trust In 1869 the J.I. Case to try and keep the J.I. Case Threshing Machine “Old Abe” is the famous Plow Works aﬂoat. By doing Company built its ﬁrst Case trademark. so, they lost all of the Case steam engine. This portable engine, family’s interests in the Threshing which had to be moved by horses, had Machine Company. a locomotive-style boiler. Case’s ﬁrst Henry M. Wallis, Jackson Case’s self-moving engine appeared in 1877. brother-in-law, eventually gained control of the Plow Works, leading to a period of intense rivalry between the two Case factions. The J.I. Case Threshing Machine Company had experimented with tractors as early as 1892, but was a latecomer to the market and it was 1912 before it began full-scale production with the 20-40 and 30-60 models. Not to be outdone, Henry M. Wallis established the Wallis Tractor Company the same year. The acrimony continued until 1928 when Massey-Harris purchased both the Plow Works and the rights to Early Case products In 1887 the J.I. Case Threshing Machine Co. added a centre-crank steam traction engine with a friction clutch to the line of products built at Racine.

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CASE . 155 20-40 Model C 1200 Traction King Magnum 7250 1842 Jerome Increase Case begins 1891 Jerome Case dies and his son-in-law, 1964 Case launches its concept of four-wheel 1986 Case IH acquires Steiger Tractor Inc. of experimenting with threshing machines Stephen Bull, takes over presidency of steering with 1200 Traction King Fargo, North Dakota J.I. Case Threshing Machine Company 1844 Jerome Case moves to Racine and 1967 Case’s majority stockholder, Kern County 1989 Magnum range becomes ﬁrst all-new opens a factory to build threshers 1892 Experimental tractor developed by J.I. Land Company, merges with Tenneco tractors to be released under the Case Case Threshing Machine Company IH banner 1863 Jerome Case establishes J.I. Case & 1970 Case becomes a wholly owned Company with three partners 1912 Case 20-40 and 30-60 tractors subsidiary of Tenneco 1996 Case IH acquires a controlling interest launched in Steyr of Austria 1869 Case builds its ﬁrst steam engine. 1971 New construction plant opened in São 1876 Jerome Case becomes a partner in 1928 Massey-Harris purchases the J.I. Case Paulo, Brazil 1999 CNH formed through a merger of New Plow Works and rights to Wallis tractors Holland with Case IH Case, Whiting & Company, which 1972 Tenneco acquires David Brown Ltd begins manufacturing ploughs 1929 Case Model C and L tractors launched 1985 Tenneco purchases International 2011 Case IH begins production of the 1878 Case, Whiting & Company restructured 1958 Subsidiaries are formed in the UK, Steiger 620, the world’s most powerful as the J.I. Case Plow Works Harvester’s agricultural line and merges tractor, at its Fargo plant France, and Brazil it with J.I. Case to form Case IH 1939 the range received a fresh with a heavy-duty industrial “ It is a major achievement for identity with a change of colour transmission and marked Case’s a company to have endured from grey to “Flambeau Red”. entry into the market for large successfully for 150 years.” agricultural tractors. In the decades that followed, Case EDWARD J. CAMPBELL, PRESIDENT, CASE CORPORATION 1992–94 went from strength to strength, by In 1967 the company’s majority expanding and consolidating its lines stockholder, Kern County Land Case’s turnover reached an all-time were merged into Case IH. The US of agricultural and construction Company, merged with the US high of US$919 million with proﬁts of manufacturer Steiger was brought machinery. The company entered the company Tenneco, the world’s US$65.8 million in 1973. Some of the into the company’s fold in 1986. four-wheel-drive arena in 1964 with largest distributor of natural gas previous year’s proﬁts had been used its 1200 Traction King. The 1200 with interests in oil, chemicals, to purchase David Brown Tractors In 1994 Case IH was ﬂoated on the model, a rigid-frame machine with packaging, and other commodities. Ltd, which became an operating New York stock exchange as Tenneco steering on all four wheels, was ﬁtted Tenneco steadily increased its division of its US parent. For a time, sought to decrease its ownership. Five holdings in Case, with the the David Brown and Case concerns years later, the agricultural world was agricultural company eventually operated independently, but a new rocked by the announcement that becoming a wholly owned “Power Red” and “Orchid White” New Holland and Case were to merge colour scheme was introduced for to form a massive global agricultural subsidiary of the industrial both tractor ranges to show the family and construction equipment business. conglomerate in 1970. connection. The merger also gave The merger, ratiﬁed in late 1999, led Case a valuable foothold in the to the inevitable rationalization of lucrative European markets. production facilities, but the two lines retained their separate identities. In 1984 Tenneco made a bid for International Harvester’s agricultural The innovation continues: Case IH’s division, which was on the brink of Steiger 620 model, the world’s most bankruptcy. The US$475 million deal powerful tractor, has set new industry was approved by the US Justice records for fuel efﬁciency and was Department the following year and awarded the “Machine of the Year J.I. Case and International Harvester 2014” trophy at Agritechnica in Hanover, Germany. Tracks and wheels Case introduced the latest concept in tractors in 2014 with its Magnum Rowtrac, which combined individual track units on the rear with a driven front axle.

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156 . 1965-1980 British Progress r David Brown 880 Selectamatic The UK’s tractor success continued through the late Date 1966 Origin UK 1960s and early 1970s, with subsidiaries of North Engine David Brown 3-cylinder diesel American companies leading the way. Some of the Horsepower 46 hp growth was due to the increasing worldwide popularity Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse of diesel power, which remained a mainly British success story in the tractor market. There was modest progress The 880 was an example of David Brown’s in driver comfort and convenience with improved seats eye-catching new paint ﬁnish and of the and more user-friendly controls and instruments, but simple but efﬁcient Selectamatic the high-volume tractor companies continued to hydraulic system that was available neglect the growing demand for four-wheel drive. throughout the range from 1965. Customers were given a choice of 6- and 12-speed transmissions; the latter offered more speed than any other British manufacturer. r International B614 Date 1966 Origin UK Engine International 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 60 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Introduced at London’s Smithﬁeld Show in 1963, the new B614 model offered the International customer greater performance and a larger number of gears. Another feature was an independent power takeoff, which was operated via a separate, multi-plate clutch. d Ford 5000 Ford’s new 6X models arrived in 1964, the ﬁrst tractors built at the new factory Date 1968 Origin UK in Basildon, Essex. The 5000 was the Engine Ford 4-cylinder diesel biggest of four models and this tractor Horsepower 65 hp was built in 1968, just before the Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse plus updated Ford Force 5000 version optional 10 forward, 2 reverse was announced. l International 434 Date 1968 Origin UK Engine International 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 43 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse In 1966 International’s 434 replaced the B-414, which had been the company’s ﬁrst tractor to feature a draft-control hydraulic system. Both were built at the Idle factory near Bradford, Yorkshire. The 434’s larger brother, the International 634 from Doncaster, was launched at the same time.

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l Nuffield 4/65 157 Date 1969 Origin UK u Massey Ferguson 135 Engine BMC 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 65 hp Date 1969 Origin UK Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse Engine Perkins 3.152 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 45.5 hp Nufﬁeld’s success faltered during the Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse 1960s, mainly due to lack of investment. This was the smallest of the DX project tractors, and Its Universal series was 19 years old when it was immensely successful. It inherited many of the new look 3/45 and 4/65 models the speciﬁcation features from the previous MF35X arrived in 1967 with signiﬁcant design model including the engine, which was modiﬁed to improvements. However, they were soon give a 12.4 per cent power increase. replaced by new Leyland-badged models. l Massey Ferguson 165 Date 1970 Origin UK Engine Perkins 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 58 hp, increased to 60 hp in 1968 Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse Multi-Power The MF165 was part of the DX series tractor project that Massey Ferguson began developing in 1962. Driver comfort featured on the options list with a suspension seat, a weather-protection cab, and power steering all available at extra cost. l Leyland 154 PIONEERS Date 1971 Origin UK Global Tractor Ranges Engine BMC 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 27 hp Ford and Massey Ferguson both introduced all-new tractor ranges Transmission 9 forward, for global markets in 1965. Both already had a long history of 3 reverse designing tractors for world farming, but introducing complete ranges was more ambitious and needed big resources. Ford’s The 15-hp Mini tractor joined the 6X programme was spread over their British, Belgian, and US Nufﬁeld range in 1965 but sales factories, and Massey Ferguson invested more than one million were poor, partly due to competition hours in design and from Japanese compact tractors. development work for Boosting the power to 27 hp and, in their DX tractor project. 1969, changing the name to Leyland and the colour to blue did little to Sales material Ford improve demand. 1000 series tractors for global markets included the 5000 model built at their new British factory in Basildon, Essex. Massey Ferguson’s DX project produced the “Red Giant” tractor range with six totally new or substantially updated models.

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158 . 1966–1980 Driver Protection The tractor industry and its customers must share the blame for the slow arrival of safety frames and quiet, or “Q-cabs”, to protect drivers. Tractors had arrived in the 1890s and by the early 1920s there was evidence that driver injuries and deaths caused by tractors overturning had become a serious problem. Virtually no action was taken until 1959 when Sweden became the ﬁrst country to introduce legislation requiring new tractors to be ﬁtted with an approved safety cab or frame; other countries followed suit. As tractors with safety cabs were introduced, there was a dramatic reduction in the number of driver fatalities caused by tractors overturning.  Ford 7000 u David Brown 1210 Launched in 1971, the DB1210 was ﬁtted with an easy-to-use synchromesh Date 1975 Origin UK Date 1976 Origin UK gearbox. This is a four-wheel drive Engine Ford 4-cylinder Engine David Brown 4-cylinder diesel model with a German Kramer axle turbocharged diesel Horsepower 72 hp and the DB “Q-cab” with raised ﬂoor Horsepower 94 hp Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse level and sound-insulated cladding, Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse synchromesh supported on rubber mountings. Although it was a big tractor by early 1970s standards, the 7000’s power unit was developed from the engine used in the smaller 5000 model. To boost the power output, the 7000 became the ﬁrst Ford tractor engine to be ﬁtted with a turbocharger. u Massey Ferguson 1080 r Massey Ferguson 1155 Date 1974 Origin France Date 1974 Origin USA Engine Perkins 6-cylinder diesel Engine Perkins V8 diesel Horsepower 92 hp Horsepower 155 hp Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse Transmission 12 forward, Multi-Power 4 reverse Multi-Power The design of the ﬁrst safety cabs Massey Ferguson’s response often magniﬁed noise levels, leading to the demand for more power to a new generation of “Q-cab”. included the MF1155, equipped The MF1080 is an example, as the with a big V8 that ﬁlled the design changes on the updated engine compartment. Surprisingly Mark II version included an extra for a 155 hp tractor in the 2 hp and much better noise mid-1970s, there was no insulation in the cab. four-wheel-drive version.

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159  Deutz D10006 Date 1972 Origin Germany Engine Deutz 6-cylinder air-cooled diesel Horsepower 100 hp Transmission 12 forward, 6 reverse Deutz was one of the few tractor companies to use air-cooled engines, competing with the rest of the industry’s water-cooled diesels. The 100 hp D10006 model was available in both two- and four-wheel-drive versions. r Lamborghini R1056 u Case 1570 The US celebrated its bicentenary in 1976 and to mark the occasion Date 1977 Origin Italy Date 1976 Origin USA Case produced the “Spirit of Engine Lamborghini 6-cylinder diesel Engine Case 6-cylinder ‘76”, a limited edition of the big Horsepower 105 hp turbo diesel 1570 model. The standard 1570 Transmission 12 forward, 3 reverse Horsepower 180 hp speciﬁcation included a well- Transmission 12 forward, equipped cab and dual rear The Italian who started the Lamborghini 4 reverse wheels, but no four-wheel drive. tractor business also made some of the world’s most exotic sports cars – he decided to sell the tractor business but continued making cars. The R1056 tractor was available in two- and four-wheel-drive versions. r Fiat 680H Some of the early cabs were add-ons for existing tractor models, but Date 1977 Origin Italy Fiat’s Comfort cab was designed Engine Fiat 4-cylinder diesel by Pininfarina, the Italian sports car Horsepower 68 hp design studio. The 680 was offered in Transmission 12 forward, two- and four-wheel-drive versions, plus 3 reverse a tracklayer model called the 665C. d Leyland 272 Synchro Date 1978 Origin UK Engine Leyland 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 72 hp Transmission 9 forward, 3 reverse synchromesh The Nufﬁeld range built at the Bathgate factory in Scotland changed its name and colour to Leyland and two-tone blue in 1969. The new 272 model arrived in 1976, complete with a “Q-cab”; it was also available as a 472 model with four-wheel drive.

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160 . 1965–1980 A demonstration of Fiat’s ﬁrst tractor, the 702 Great Manufacturers Fiat Fiat is the last ﬁrm still building tractors, cars, and trucks. Major expansion in the 1990s saw the acquisition of key rivals like Ford New Holland and the Case Corporation, and the adoption of their brands. Although new tractors no longer carry the Fiat name, the company remains one of the world’s largest manufacturers. FOUNDED IN TURIN, Italy, in The 702 model was expanded into 1899 by a group of engineers and a number of varieties, including the investors including Giovanni Agnelli, 702 A, B, and BN options. It remained who soon became the in production until 1925, by which company’s ﬁrst managing time 2,000 tractors had been built. director, Fabbrica Italiana di In 1926 Fiat introduced the lighter Automobili Torino soon 35-hp 700 model. By 1932 Fiat became known for launched its ﬁrst crawler version, simplicity’s sake by the the 700C, and, as the market in acronym of its initials: mountainous Italy began to Fiat. The ﬁrm ﬁrst boom, the ﬁrm became ventured into car a leader in this sector. construction, but Among the most famous soon diversiﬁed into Giovanni Agnelli of its early crawlers was heavier products and (1866–1945) the Model 40, which developed its own trucks and buses. featured a Boghetto engine notable Expanding into tractor production for its elongated combustion chamber seemed a natural next step, and the that featured a “biconical” venturi- heat and rugged landscape of much type top and was capable of running Fiat’s ﬁrst series As the 50th anniversary of Fiat tractor One of the tractors in Fiat’s 1965 Diamante production approached, the company of Italy demanded durable machines. on a range of different fuels. range. This series was the ﬁrst to feature introduced the Nastro d’Oro (Golden synchronized speeds and differential lock. It Ribbon) range, a development of the The ﬁrst Fiat design used the ﬁrm’s In 1944 tractor operations at Fiat’s ﬁrmly established Fiat’s position in Europe. Diamante line, in 1968. The tractors’ bodywork remained orange but the military truck engine, a 1.2-gallon Modena plant came to a halt. Limited But it was arguably the 411, in both engine area received deep blue wheeled and crawler guises, that was paintwork. Under the hood there (5.6-l) petrol unit with four cylinders raw materials and Nazi occupation Fiat’s most signiﬁcant tractor in the were new direct-injection engines immediate post-war period. Launched with rotary injection pumps, gear producing 20 hp, driving through a meant production was diverted to the at the 1958 Verona Agricultural Fair, synchronization, and a draft/ it used a four-cylinder engine to position-control rear linkage. three-speed gearbox. Labelled the 702, repair of military vehicles. In secret, develop 41 hp at 2,300 rpm. A cast iron crankcase enabled the engine In 1971 the ﬁrm’s tractors breached the tractor was ﬁrst demonstrated in however, the innovation continued to be set within a stressed chassis. the 100-hp barrier with the 1300, and three years later Fiat manufactured its 1918, just one year after Fordson’s and Fiat’s technical department built Power outputs continued to rise one millionth tractor. By 1975 the over the next decade. The ﬁrst full ﬁrm had launched a completely new Model F went into production. a prototype for a new crawler – the series of Fiat tractors, the Diamante, range of tractors, the 80 series. Its was launched in 1965. Comprising distinctive styling, again provided by Series 50. four models, the 215, 315, 415, and Pininfarina, featured sharply angled 615, the new line spanned 22–70 hp, cab lines. Following the end of World War II and featured new styling by the Pininfarina vehicle design company. A distinct Fiat Trattori tractor group and the return to full tractor production A key feature was an innovative, new was formed within Fiat, and in the transmission with an “Amplicouple”, same decade the group expanded into in Fiat’s factories, the ﬁrm could once shift-on-the-move splitter. new areas by acquiring the harvester more focus on product development. The 18-hp 600 tractor, introduced in 1949, was the ﬁrst to feature a power takeoff and run on pneumatic tyres. By the time the Model 55 was launched just a year later, available power had jumped to 55 hp. Small Expansion for Fiat tractors remained popular, however, Introduced in 1926 the 35-hp 700 weighed and the 19–20-hp Piccola, introduced over a ton (1,016 kg) less than the 702, with in 1957, marked out Fiat’s commitment a more compact, higher-revving engine to miniature tractors. incorporating overhead valve technology.

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FIAT . 161 702 505C 680 Winner 110 1899 Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino 1933 Fiat takes over Società Anonima four models spanning a 22–70-hp 1975 Fiat acquires Italian combine maker (Fiat) founded in Turin by a group of Ofﬁcine Meccaniche (OM) power band Laverda and its Breganze factory engineers and investors including 1968 Introduction of Nastro d’Oro (Golden Giovanni Agnelli 1939 Multi-fuel 40 Boghetto crawler Ribbon) range, a development of the 1977 Fiat buys Hesston, the US forage unveiled at the Agricultural Fair Diamante line. The tractors’ bodywork equipment and baler specialist 1918 The ﬁrm demonstrates its ﬁrst tractor, in Verona, Italy remains orange but the engine area is the 702, which goes on sale the re-liveried in a new deep blue 1983 Fiatagri is formed to bring all of Fiat’s following year 1949 Introduction of the 18-hp 600 tractor, 1971 The ﬁrst 100-hp Fiat tractor built agricultural interests together the ﬁrst Fiat to feature a power takeoff 1974 Fiat celebrates the production of its 1926 Introduction of 35-hp 700, lighter than and pneumatic tyres one millionth tractor 1991 Fiat buys 80 per cent of Ford New the 702, with a more compact engine 1975 Introduction of the 80 series, with a Holland, later acquiring the rest and overhead valve technology 1957 The 19–20 hp Piccola, aimed at smaller new cab design by Pininfarina farmers, is introduced to the market 1997 The Fiatagri “terracotta” colour scheme 1932 Launch of the ﬁrst Fiat crawler tractor, is phased out on New Holland tractors badged as the 700C or Type 30 1965 First full series of Fiat tractors, the Diamante, is launched, with 1999 Fiatagri purchases Case Corp. and merges it with New Holland to form CNH In 1977 to mark the change of brand from Fiat Trattori to Fiatagri, the company’s livery was changed to a new orange colour. interests of fellow Italian ﬁrm Radical departure Laverda, followed by the US forage In 1975 Fiat launched the completely restyled equipment company Hesston. 80 series of tractors, built in the company’s Modena factory. By the mid-1980s Fiat Trattori was expanding again, purchasing Braud, a Initially, both marques kept their own French company manufacturing grape liveries, with smaller tractors made in harvesters. Fiat’s 80 series design was Italy and larger machines constructed carried through to the 90 series, but in the former Ford factories in the UK by 1990 a whole new concept was and North America. Eventually the introduced with the square-cabbed, Ford and Fiatagri “sub-badging” was 100–140-hp Winner series. dropped, as was the terracotta Fiatagri livery, in favour of a focus on blue Soon afterwards, Fiat reached a deal paintwork. Behind the branding, Fiat with Ford to acquire 80 per cent of had hugely increased its presence in the latter’s Ford New Holland business. the world market, broadening it again Fiat brought the two agricultural in 1999 with its acquisition of the divisions together under a whole new Case Corporation and subsequent brand that combined the Fiatagri creation of Case New Holland. emblem and the New Holland name. Final Fiat The 100–140-hp Winner series were the last tractors designed exclusively for Fiat, and that would bear its name.

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162 . 1965-1980  SAME Sametto V Europe’s Industry Date 1965 Origin Italy Engine SAME twin-cylinder air-cooled The tractor industry made a slow start in mainland vertical diesel Europe, with less technical innovation compared to Horsepower 25 hp the US and UK. One of the few advances was using Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse diesel power, which started in Germany with Italy close behind, although the technology came from The success of Fiat’s little Piccola tractor the UK. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased persuaded the Cassani company to add production in much of Europe – by the mid-1960s smaller models to its SAME range. The tractors from both Eastern and Western Europe result was the Sametto in 1961, available were competing successfully in world markets. with two- or four-wheel drive and as the Sametto V vineyard and orchard model.  Fiat 411R Date c.1965 Origin Italy Engine Fiat 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 37 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Fiat’s tractor production expanded rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s with a comprehensive range of wheeled and crawler models. The 411 and this four-wheel-drive 411R version arrived in 1958 to become Fiat’s top-selling, mid-range tractors. u Deutz A110 r Fendt Favorit 3 FWA Date 1965 Origin Germany Date 1965 Origin Germany Engine Deutz 6-cylinder Engine MWM 4-stroke diesel air-cooled diesel Horsepower 52 hp Horsepower 110 hp Transmission 16 forward, Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse 4 reverse The unusual feature of the A110 was This FWA version features having two vertical exhausts side by four-wheel drive. A two-wheel- side, each serving three of the engine’s drive FW model was also available. cylinders. Air-cooled engines were The structure on each mudguard a Deutz speciality, which avoided is a passenger seat, a relic of a the risk of frost damage. This tractor less safety-conscious age when was a German design built for this type of seat was popular in assembly in Argentina. some European countries.

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EUROPE’S INDUSTRY . 163 d John Deere 1120 John Deere’s original plan was to site their European factory Date 1967 Origin Germany in the UK, but a policy change Engine John Deere had resulted in the purchase 3-cylinder diesel of the Heinrich Lanz company Horsepower 50 hp in Germany. This is where the Transmission 8 forward, mid-range 1120 model was built 2 reverse with production starting in 1967. u Zetor 3045 Tractors from Eastern Europe still had a reputation for outdated design in the Date 1966–68 Origin Czechoslovakia 1960s, but some Zetor models had more Engine Zetor 3-cylinder diesel advanced features. The 3045 was one Horsepower 39 hp of the models that helped to establish Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse Zetor as a major tractor exporter. u International Contributions to Germany’s expanding tractor McCormick 523 production came from the John Deere factory at Mannheim plus International’s Date 1967 Origin Germany production at Neuss. The 523 was one of Engine International 3-cylinder diesel the big-selling International models, available Horsepower 52 hp as a two-wheel-drive (shown) and in a Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse four-wheel-drive version. u Fendt F231 GTS The versatile tool-carrier tractors were r Steyr 540 a success for Fendt. They were used as Date 1967 Origin Germany ordinary tractors for pulling implements: Date 1974–77 Origin Austria Engine MWM air-cooled diesel the tipping container at the front was Engine Steyr 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 32 hp handy for carrying loads and, with the Horsepower 40 hp Transmission 8 forward, container removed, there was a clear Transmission 8 forward, 6 reverse 4 reverse view for rowcrop work. Steyr was an important manufacturer of military and sporting guns before adding cars, trucks, and, later, tractors to their product range. Tractor speciﬁcations were usually high, with front axle suspension offered on some models from the early 1950s.

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164 . 1965–1980 Global Expansion d Valmet 360D The 360D was one of the ﬁrst products to come from Valmet’s expansion into European and North American agriculture had become heavily Date c.1965 Origin Brazil building tractors outside its Finnish mechanized during World War II and the decades that followed, Engine MWM 3-cylinder diesel homeland when, in 1960, it set up a new but globally there were many other parts of the world where Horsepower 40 hp plant in Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil. It used tractors and associated equipment were still small in number. Transmission 6 forward, a German-made engine, but otherwise To satisfy the growing demand to increase food production, 2 reverse was similar to the Finnish-made 359D. tractor manufacturers began to set up factories in “new” parts of the world, such as South America. Meanwhile, makers in areas including Eastern Europe, Japan, and Australia began to step up production and, in some cases, look for new markets. u Kubota L245 FP l Belarus MTZ-50 Date 1979 Origin Japan Date 1975 Origin Belarus Engine Kubota 3-cylinder diesel Engine Belarus 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 25 hp Horsepower 70 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 9 forward, 2 reverse While more recently it has started to The Minsk Tractor Works was founded in 1946 in the expand its product offering further up town of Minsk, in the Soviet republic of Belarus, and from the power scale, Kubota’s traditional 1949 the tractors were branded with the name of the tractor market has been in the sub-50-hp state. MTZ, or Minsk Tractor Zavod (Works), preceded sector. The L245 was at the heart of the the model number on all of the maker’s early tractors. The Japanese ﬁrm’s offering in 1976–85. MTZ-50 was also available as a four-wheel-drive MTZ-52. d Ford 8 BR Like Valmet and Massey Ferguson, in the 1960s Ford developed a new tractor factory in Brazil Date 1967 Origin Brazil in response to the government’s insistence Engine Perkins 4-cylinder diesel that tractors sold in the country had to be made Horsepower 35 hp there with a level of locally sourced components. Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse The 8 BR used a Brazilian-built Perkins engine.

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GLOBAL EXPANSION . 165 r Ursus 1204 Date 1978 Origin Poland Engine Zetor 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 110 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse In communist-era eastern Europe, Polish state tractor maker Ursus manufactured high-horsepower tractors for sale under its own name, as well as that of Czechoslovakia’s Zetor, for many years. In the latter’s range the 1204 was badged as the Zetor Crystal 12011. u Satoh D-650G Founded in Japan in 1914 the Satoh Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Date 1971 Origin Japan Co. merged in 1980 with fellow Japanese Engine Mitsubishi 4-cylinder manufacturer Mitsubishi Machinery Co. petrol After the companies merged, the Horsepower 25 hp combined tractor line was rebranded Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse under the Mitsubishi banner. d Upton HT-14 350 Built for the ﬂat, dry terrain of Australia’s arable heartland, the HT-14 Date 1978 Origin Australia 350 was broadly conventional in Engine Cummins 6-cylinder diesel conﬁguration, with smaller front wheels Horsepower 350 hp through which the machine was steered. Transmission 14 forward, The tractor’s 350 hp was put to the 2 reverse ground through the rear wheels only. u Shandong TS-25 Chinese manufacturer Shandong made a vast number of different Date 1979 Origin China versions of its TS-25 tractor, including Engine Shandong specialist builds for rice ﬁeldwork, 3-cylinder diesel transport, and narrow-tread jobs. Horsepower 25 hp Available in both two- and Transmission 6 forward, four-wheel-drive versions, this is 2 reverse one of China’s top-selling tractors. u UTB Universal 530 Romanian tractor maker Universal developed a close relationship with Date 1979 Origin Romania Italian manufacturer Fiat, and for Engine Universal many years used, under licence, a 3-cylinder diesel number of the latter’s mechanical Horsepower 53 hp components. Later models of the Transmission 12 forward, 530 were available with a shuttle 3 reverse reverse gearbox.

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166 . 1965–1980 Northrop 5004T Like several British four-wheel-drive conversions of the time, the Northrop was based on the easily adaptable Ford 5000 skid unit. This saved on development costs and allowed manufacturers to take advantage of Ford’s global sales, spares, and service network. Developed by David J.B. Brown, one of the UK’s leading exponents of off-road vehicles, the Northrop had a unique layout with a raised power-train to optimize the ground clearance. AFTER DEVELOPING MINING VEHICLES in Africa, David J.B. Brown was Contour-shaped seat sprung appointed chief executive of British Northrop’s Chaseside division in 1964. He began for maximum comfort developing a four-wheel-drive agricultural tractor with good manoeuvrability and excellent ground clearance to meet the needs of the forestry and sugarcane Lever to engage industries. With the drive layout on the underside of the engine and transmission, drive to front axle the machine had a raised centre-of-gravity, but its performance was remarkable. The tractor was launched as the Northrop 5004, but there were concerns that the 67-hp four-cylinder Ford engine lacked power. To overcome this, Northrop developed the 5004T model with a CAV turbocharger, which boosted output to 80hp. In 1967 a six-cylinder version was introduced, but just three were built before production ended. FRONT VIEW REAR Rear tyre same size VIEW as front wheel’s for maximum traction

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NORTHROP 5004T . 167 3 Turbocharged tractor 12 Dating from 1965 this is the 5004T version of the Northrop tractor, which 4 had a CAV turbocharger as well as a new manifold, air breather, and uprated Air pre-cleaner bowl injectors. The power of the four-cylinder Ford 5000 engine was increased by approximately 25 per cent from 67 hp to just over 80 hp, and the tractor was priced at £2,495 at launch. Straight-through exhaust pipe part of turbocharging kit 5 THE DETAILS 1. Front drive-steer axle based on Ford components 2. Ford instrumentation with a proofmeter registering engine speed 3. Eight-speed Ford gearbox mated to a transfer box with a hand lever to engage drive to the front axle 4. Four-cylinder Ford engine ﬁtted with a Simms injector pump 5. Drive to the front axle taken from the transfer box via a propeller shaft Cast front ballast weight Front drive-steer axle has planetary hub-reductions SPECIFICATIONS Model Northrop 5004T Built 1965 Origin UK Production 100–150 Engine 80 hp Ford 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel Capacity 233 cu.in (3,818 cc) Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Top speed 19.65 mph (32 km/h) Length 12 ft 3 in (3.7 m) Weight 3.5 tons (3.6 tonnes)

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168 . 1966–1980 All-wheel Drive r Northrop 5004T There was little interest in four-wheel drive during the ﬁrst 60 years Date 1965 Origin UK or so of tractor history, with tracklayers remaining the obvious choice Engine Ford 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel for farmers needing extra-pulling efﬁciency. The breakthrough that Horsepower 80 hp turned four-wheel drive into a success during the 1950s and 1960s Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse was mainly because specialist companies in the UK demonstrated the increased traction available, particularly in difﬁcult working Ford skid units were popular for four-wheel- conditions. The most effective traction comes from equal-sized drive conversions, and Northrop based their front and rear wheels, often called all-wheel drive. 67 hp 5004 tractor on the Ford 5000. This was followed by the 5004T – a turbocharged version of the Ford engine boosting the output to 80 hp. u Doe 130 A farmer’s idea to link two tractor units nose-to-tail to provide increased pulling power Date 1967 Origin UK attracted the interest of Ernest Doe, a Ford Engine 2 x Ford 5000 4-cylinder diesels tractor dealer. He developed it commercially as Horsepower 130 hp the Doe Triple-D, which was followed by the Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Doe 130, a later, more powerful version. l International 634 u International 634 International offered customers for All-Wheel Drive Four-Wheel Drive the 634 model the choice of two- and four-wheel-drive versions. The 4WD Date 1971 Origin UK Date 1968 Origin UK tractors were available in an all-wheel- Engine International 4-cylinder diesel Engine International 4-cylinder diesel drive version with big front wheels, Horsepower 66 hp Horsepower 66 hp and in this four-wheel assist type Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse using Roadless drive equipment. The fact that big tractor companies such as International were moving into four-wheel drive brought increasing competition for specialists such as County, which makes it surprising that County agreed to sell their equal-size wheel technology to companies such as IH. l Roadless 120 u County 754 Date 1972 Origin UK Date 1968 Origin UK Engine Ford 2715E Engine Ford 4-cylinder diesel 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 75 hp Horsepower 120 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse County made tracklaying conversions Roadless had a long history as of Fordson and Ford tractors a tracklayer specialist before before becoming the UK’s leading switching to four-wheel drive in four-wheel-drive specialist. The the 1950s. It also produced County 754 with power delivered all-wheel-drive tractors with through equal-sized front and rear equal-sized wheels, including this wheels was based on the skid unit 120, an uprated version of the 115. for the new Ford Force 5000.

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A L L- W H E E L D R I V E . 1 6 9 d Leyland 485 The merger that formed the vast British Leyland Motors group in 1967 provided Date 1976 Origin UK money for much-needed investment. Engine Leyland 6-cylinder diesel The 485 and its sister 4100 model, Horsepower 85 hp which produced 100 hp, were both Transmission 10 forward, developed for Leyland by County. 2 reverse Both sold in very small numbers. u Dutra D4K-B Products from the Dutra factory in Hungary included dumper trucks Date 1974 Origin Hungary and tractors – which gave the Engine Csepel 6-cylinder diesel company its name. The D4K-B Horsepower 110 hp model was one of the few 100 hp Transmission 10 forward, plus four-wheel-drive tractors 2 reverse available in the late 1960s in the UK. r County 1174 Date 1978 Origin UK Engine Ford 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 112 hp Transmission 16 forward, 4 reverse The all-wheel-drive County 1174 was evidence that driver comfort and convenience were beginning to move up the priority list. The standard speciﬁcation included a cab with tinted windows, a three-speed hot or cold air fan, sun visor, and an adjustable seat.

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170 . 1966–1980 r Oliver 2655 High Horsepower Date 1969 Origin USA Engine Minneapolis-Moline Using large amounts of engine power efﬁciently 6-cylinder diesel requires a special type of tractor. The biggest problem to Horsepower 143 hp overcome is wheel slip. As power output increases, the Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse tyres on a traditional, two-wheel-drive tractor lose their grip, which wastes time and fuel. Four-wheel drive is Oliver and Minneapolis-Moline were more efﬁcient, ideally with equal-sized front and rear both part of the White company in the wheels. To achieve good manoeuvrability with large early 1970s and some models were front wheels, the biggest tractors need articulated, or sold under both brand names. The “bend-in-the-middle” steering, with a hinge point 2655 was Oliver’s biggest tractor – in the centre. This became the standard layout for the same model was also available high-horsepower wheeled tractors built since the late as the A4T-1600 in MM colours. 1960s when engine outputs passed the 200 hp barrier – they are now heading towards 1,000 hp. u Massey Ferguson 1200 The appearance of the 1200 could be misleading. It looked like a typical high Date 1967 Origin USA horsepower, four-wheel-drive tractor with Engine Perkins 6-cylinder diesel articulated steering and hydraulic linkage, Horsepower 105 hp but the 105 hp engine lacked the power of Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse most of its rivals. u Steiger Panther ST350 Series III r Waltanna 4-250 Date 1977-81 Origin USA Date 1977 Origin Australia Engine Cummins V8 diesel Engine Caterpillar 6-cylinder turbo diesel Horsepower 350 hp Horsepower 250 hp Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 14 forward, 2 reverse The Series III range of Steiger tractors, introduced The ﬁrst Waltanna tractor was made in in 1976, had four basic models – the Wildcat, 1975, but by the early 1980s the company Bearcat, Cougar, and Panther – all with 10-speed built at least 12 different four-wheel-drive transmissions and either Caterpillar or Cummins models up to about 400 hp – a large range engine. ST denoted standard frame as opposed for a company with only 12 employees. to the rowcrop RC models. The 4-250 was one of the mid-range models producing 250 hp. l Versatile 1080 “Big Roy” Date 1976 Origin Canada Engine Cummins 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 600 hp Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse With competition increasing at the top end of the market, Versatile brieﬂy took the lead by building the world’s most powerful tractor. The result was the 600hp “Big Roy” with eight-wheel drive, but design problems and a lack of suitable implements meant it never reached the production stage.

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HIGH HORSEPOWER . 171 d Big Bud 16V-747 Date 1977 Origin USA Engine Detroit Diesel 16-cylinder 2-stroke Horsepower 900 hp Transmission 6 forward, 1 reverse Described as the world’s biggest farm tractor, the work rate for the 900 hp Big Bud was impressive, covering 1 acre (0.4 hectare) per minute when pulling a 79-ft- (24-m-) wide cultivator at up to 8 mph (13 km/h). With 1,000 gal (4,546 litre) in the fuel tank, the 16V-747 weighed more than 40 tons (40.6 tonnes). l Schlüter 5000 TVL Schlüter specialized in tractors with high power and style. The 5000 TVL Date 1978 Origin Germany was the top model in its Proﬁ Trac Engine MAN 12-cylinder turbo diesel series. Unusually, for such a big four- Horsepower 500 hp wheel-drive tractor it was built on a Transmission 8 forward, 1 reverse rigid frame with no articulated steering. r Fiat 44-28 Date 1979 Origin Canada Engine Cummins NT855 6-cylinder turbocharged diesel Horsepower 280 hp Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse Fiat had close links in Eastern Europe during the 1970s, and the Italian company realized that there was a potential market for high-horsepower tractors in the region. Versatile of Canada agreed to supply some models in Fiat colours, and these included the Fiat 44-28 available from 1979.

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World’s Biggest Tractor The Big Bud 16V-747, built in 1977, was the largest agricultural tractor of its day, and the most powerful tractor ever built. Fitted with a V16 Detroit Diesel engine rated at 747 hp, the tractor was sold to the Rossi Brothers of California, USA. Replacing two Caterpillar D9 crawlers, the Big Bud was used for deep tillage. While in California, the 16V-747’s engine was opened up to deliver 900 hp. In the 1980s the tractor was sold to a farm in Florida, where it worked for 20 years before going to the Williams Brothers, Montana. The new owners used it to pull an 80-ft (24-m) cultivator, covering 1 acre (0.4 hectare) per minute. ORIGINS OF BIG BUD Big Bud Nelson was the workshop foreman of a tractor dealership in Montana. In 1969 Nelson went into partnership with Willie Hensler, the dealership owner. They formed the Northern Manufacturing Company and set out to build heavy-duty, high-horsepower, articulated tractors – and so the Big Bud line was born. Beginning with a 280-hp machine, the company introduced increasingly larger and more powerful models. Plans to put the huge 16V-747 into full production never reached fruition, and the tractor shown was the only one of its type ever made. Some 516 Big Bud tractors were built during a 22-year period, and production ended in 1991. The 900 hp Big Bud 16V-747 stands 14 ft (4.3 m) high and is 28 ft 6 in (8.7 m) long. It has an operating weight of 58 tons (59 tonnes).

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1 74 . 1 9 6 6 –1 9 8 0 Steel-track Sunset The steel-tracked tractor remained popular in the agricultural industry until the arrival of the rubber-tracked tractor, and, to a lesser extent, the reliable, four-wheel-drive models. Four- wheel drives worked well on lighter soils, but on heavy clay soil they caused compaction and subsequent water retention. A problem that only the light tread and sure traction of a track- type tractor could help prevent. As farms increased in size and the movement of machinery on the road became a necessity, the popularity of the steel-track waned. This, and their slow working speeds, saw the type almost completely disappear from the modern farming scene. u Track Marshall 55 More Track Marshall 55s were produced than any other model built by the Date 1968 Origin UK company. The 55 was a very reliable and Engine Perkins 4.270 popular machine with both agricultural 4-cylinder diesel and industrial customers. It came with Horsepower 55 hp a full range of attachments, including Transmission 6 forward, driver’s cabins, angle and bulldozers, 2 reverse and a rear-mounted toolbar. u Fiat 505C Date 1976 Origin Italy Engine Fiat 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 54 hp Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse Fiat produced a range of small crawlers, the main markets for which were vineyards and small farming operations. These tractors were true crawlers in every respect. Other manufacturers had produced small track- type tractors over the years, but they were either conversions or did not use the best features found in the large-sized tractors. r Caterpillar D4D Date 1970 Origin USA Engine Caterpillar 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 75 hp Transmission 5 forward, 5 reverse The early D4D tractors were ﬁtted with the D330 engine producing 65 hp. This engine was replaced by a 3304 unit with a 75 hp rating; later modiﬁcations to the fuel injection system of the engine increased the output to 90 hp. The D4D was produced in several Caterpillar factories around the world: the tractors were identical, but the product of each factory was identiﬁed by a separate serial number preﬁx.

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S T E E L-T R A C K S U N S E T . 1 75 u Rixmann Knapp 4000 This Rix tractor was a re-engined Vickers VR180, built in very small Date 1973 Origin USA numbers. Its running gear was Engine Caterpillar 3306 6-cylinder based on Vickers WWII tank diesel designs, which allowed much Horsepower 180 hp higher operating speeds. Engine Transmission 6 forward, issues were reduced but it had 3 reverse transmission and track problems. u Mailam 5001 The early 5001 crawler used a 65 hp 6X Ford 5000 engine, later models using the improved Ford 75 hp 6Y Date 1967 Origin Italy engine. A six-cylinder option was also offered Engine Ford 4-cylinder diesel using the Ford 2703 engine. The chassis was closely Horsepower 65 hp based on the 92 series International TD9 crawler. Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Three were imported into the UK in 1970. u Belarus DT75 The DT75 was produced in vast numbers, to service the enormous Date 1977 Origin USSR state farms of the USSR. The track Engine Belarus 4-cylinder diesel technology was derived from Soviet Horsepower 101 hp military tanks – made of cast links, Transmission 7 forward, these required very little machining, 1 reverse and were cheap to produce and replace. u International TD8 CA The TD8 CA was the last agricultural crawler built at the Doncaster Works. When it was Date 1979 Origin UK introduced, the power requirements of the British Engine International 4-cylinder farmer had moved on, the minimum requirement diesel for a steel-tracked crawler then being 125–150 hp: Horsepower 83 hp it had become uneconomic to employ a driver to Transmission 5 forward, 1 reverse operate a tractor with any lower power output. r Caterpillar D4E Special The D4E was manufactured with full Application agricultural speciﬁcation. It was ﬁtted with a three-point linkage, an air-conditioned Date 1980 Origin USA cab, and a special close-ratio gearbox. The Engine Caterpillar 4-cylinder diesel tractor was available with a longer, optional Horsepower 97 hp six-roller track frame; later models could be Transmission 5 forward, 5 reverse supplied with variable horsepower (vhp).

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1981–2000 THE NEW TECHNOLOGY

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1981–2000 . 179 THE NEW TECHNOLOGY Electronic and computer technology came to the fore during the 1980s as Key events tractors became more sophisticated to meet the challenging needs of a scientiﬁc r 1984 Minsk Tractor Works, Belarus, builds its two-millionth tractor. age of agriculture. However, the technical wizardry also pushed up tractor prices, r 1985 Tenneco, owners of Case, which was not good news as the market went into recession. acquires International Harvester and merges both under the Case IH brand. The inevitable slump was fuelled by a global downturn in commodity prices r 1986 Massey Ferguson’s Autotronic arising from political tensions and overproduction. The 1979 fuel crisis had and Datatronic models are the ﬁrst tractors to incorporate computerized created raging inﬂation, and the tractor ﬁrms were faced with the difﬁcult electronic systems. combination of rising inputs, falling exports, and stagnant sales. Several leading r 1987 Caterpillar launches the rubber- track Challenger 65 tractor. manufacturers were saved from bankruptcy only by a massive injection of capital. r 1990 AGCO is formed from a The market continued to deteriorate during management buyout of the Allis- Gleaner Corp.; AGCO takes over the 1990s, and the tractor industry had to Massey Ferguson four years later. change to survive. It became a time of r 1990 JCB launches the Fastrac, which has a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h). takeovers and mergers as many of the r 1991 Fiat acquires Ford New Holland. independent manufacturers were merged r 1994 John Deere’s 8000 series are into global organizations. the ﬁrst tractors to have their design concept patented. Despite the economic upheaval, this era r 1995 Italian manufacturer SAME adds stands out as a time of technical brilliance in Deutz-Fahr to its portfolio. terms of tractor development. New concepts r 1996 Tier 1 engine emissions proposals for off-road diesels come were introduced including the rubber-tracked into force in the US. crawler and the high-speed tractor, cab r 1997 German manufacturer Fendt becomes part of AGCO. suspension, powershift transmissions, and r 1999 New Holland and Case IH merge programmable controls. Environmental into a global equipment company with a turnover of close to US$12 billion. concerns led to more fuel-efﬁcient engines u Silver Jubilee celebration with lower emissions, as well as the adoption Ford’s Basildon plant in Essex, UK, of global satellite positioning systems to commemorated its 25th anniversary with place fertilizer and chemicals accurately. the launch of a limited-edition 7810 “Silver Jubilee” tractor in 1989. “ Though we are mindful of the challenges awaiting us, we are greatly encouraged by our progress.” UMBERTO QUADRINO, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER NEW HOLLAND, 1996–2000  JCB’s Fastrac introduced the concept of a high-speed tractor that was equally at home on the land and road. u Ready for delivery The Mahindra brand, which began as a joint venture with International in 1962, had become India’s bestselling tractor by 1983.

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180 . 1981–2000 The Big Three r Ford TW-35 Many small and medium tractor makers Date 1985 Origin Belgium disappeared in the 1980s and 1990s through Engine Ford 6-cylinder diesel takeovers and mergers, which left control with turbo and intercooler to just a few giants. Ford, John Deere, and Horsepower 195 hp Massey Ferguson remained the most familiar Transmission 16 forward, global brand names in an industry based 4 reverse mainly in North America and Europe. The success of new arrivals such as JCB, and rapid In 1982 Ford’s Belgian factory took tractor production in Japan, India, and China over the complete TW production would ensure competition in the future. programme, and all models were updated in 1983. This was when the TW-30 received a power boost and a new identity as the TW-35 – radar speed measurement was added as an option. u Ford 7810 Silver Jubilee Ford’s Basildon factory in Essex marked 25 years of production with a Date 1989 Origin UK Silver Jubilee paint ﬁnish, and an extra Engine Ford 6-cylinder diesel level of speciﬁcation for a limited Horsepower 90 hp edition version of the 7810. Part of the Transmission 8 forward, Generation III range, it was introduced 2 reverse as an upgrade to the Series 10 tractors. r John Deere 4240S The big batch of new John Deere tractor launches during 1983 Date 1982 Origin Germany included the 40 series economy Engine John Deere 6-cylinder range and a 352-hp tractor with turbo diesel articulated steering. The new Horsepower 132 hp 4040S and 4240S models also Transmission 16 forward, 6 reverse; arrived in that year featuring Quad Range the Quad Range transmission. u John Deere 3140 The 40 series maintained John Deere’s success story during the Date 1980 Origin Germany early 1980s. Options for the 3140 Engine John Deere were a four-wheel drive and 6-cylinder diesel the standard gearbox could be Horsepower 97 hp replaced by the Power-Syncro, Transmission 8 forward, change-on-the-move transmission 2 reverse with 16 forward speeds. r John Deere 4250 The new 4050 and 4250 were among the ﬁrst tractors exported Date 1982 Origin USA to the UK with a full powershift Engine John Deere 6-cylinder transmission offering forward and turbo diesel reverse shifting without using the Horsepower 120 hp clutch. As well as the general- Transmission 16 forward, purpose models, there were also 6 reverse; Quad Range high-clearance, rowcrop versions.

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THE BIG THREE . 181 r Massey Ferguson 698T The T in 698T stands for turbocharger, a device for boosting the power output Date 1984 Origin France and improving fuel efﬁciency of diesel Engine Perkins AT4.236 4-cylinder engines. The 3.9-litre Perkins engine turbo diesel was special as it used the latest Horsepower 88 hp “wastegate” turbo that was more Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse effective at slow engine speeds. r Massey Ferguson 3065HV Date 1992 Origin France Engine Perkins 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 85 hp Transmission 32 forward, 32 reverse; powershuttle HV stands for high visibility and refers to the downward sloping bonnet line that improved forward visibility from the cab. The 3065HV and other MF3000 series tractors introduced a major development in tractor electronics with Datatronic and Autotronic control and information equipment. d Massey Ferguson 4270 The 4200 series, announced in 1997 and built at MF’s Banner Lane Date 1997 Origin UK factory in Coventry, covered the Engine Perkins 6-cylinder power range from 52 hp to 110 hp. turbo diesel Design features included a control Horsepower 110 hp that automatically engaged the Transmission 12 forward, 3 reverse; front axle differential lock when powershuttle the rear differential lock was in use. u Massey Ferguson 9240 When Massey Ferguson needed a more powerful conventional Date 1994 Origin USA tractor it adopted a model from Engine Cummins 6-cylinder the White range which, like MF, turbo diesel with intercooling was part of AGCO. A further Horsepower 226 hp complication is the fact that the Transmission 18 forward, MF9240’s rear axle was made 9 reverse; powershift by David Brown.

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182 . 1981–2000 The French-built MF825 arrived in 1960 Great Manufacturers Massey Ferguson Massey Ferguson can trace its history back to a small Canadian workshop in 1847, long before the ﬁrst tractors were invented. Today a part of the AGCO corporation, Massey Ferguson remains a leader in the development of agricultural technology and has an excellent record for striving to increase the efﬁciency of its tractors. DANIEL MASSEY AND ALANSON reputations. Massey machines had HARRIS were among the early already appeared at an 1867 pioneers of Canada’s farm machinery international show in France, where industry. Daniel Massey started his the Canadian ﬁrm won two gold business in 1847 with a small medals and a batch of orders. workshop making tools Yet Massey-Harris showed and simple machinery for no interest in tractors until local farmers in Newcastle, 1917 when they became the Ontario. Ten years Canadian distributor later Alanson Harris for the bestselling, made a rather more three-wheeled, US Bull ambitious start in tractor. When supply Brantford, Ontario as the problems put an end to owner of a small forge. The Ferguson symbol has this arrangement the Agricultural supply adorned MF’s badge since 1958. company signed an was a crowded industry in the late agreement to license and build Parrett 19th century, but Massey and Harris tractors in Canada. By 1923, outdated More power Adding Ferguson’s tractor production Sales leaﬂets for two of the models added and marketing to the Massey-Harris were more successful than most. and uncompetitive, Parrett production in 1959 to offer more power to the US machinery range placed the newly market. Both leaﬂets trumpet the tractors’ merged company at the forefront of Before they merged in 1891 to ended. In 1928 Massey-Harris bought ability to pull heavy implements. the farm equipment industry. To strengthen its position in the form Massey-Harris they were the J.I. Case Plow Works, which made In 1930 it became the ﬁrst major marketplace, Massey Ferguson added company to build a four-wheel-drive to its arsenal by acquiring Perkins, the the two biggest farm machinery the Wallis tractor, to replace it. tractor with large-diameter front and diesel engine specialists, in 1959. rear wheels, but the market was not manufacturers in Canada. The new The well-designed Wallis yet ready for this type of tractor and After the Ferguson takeover the sales were poor. Meanwhile, Massey- company decided on a policy of not ﬁrm was quick to develop exports and established Massey-Harris as a Harris continued to enjoy success in consolidating the Massey-Harris and other areas of its farm machinery Ferguson product lines or dealer build on the companies’ individual successful tractor manufacturer. business, pioneering major combine networks, keeping both the grey- harvester developments, including painted Fergusons and the bright red self-propelled models and the ﬁrst Massey tractors in production. This to use diesel power. posed few problems in the UK; the smaller Fergusons did not compete In 1953 Massey-Harris announced against the more powerful British that it had bought Harry Ferguson’s MH745, so it made sense to allow worldwide tractor business. The new dealers to sell both the “grey” and company was initially called Massey- “red” ranges. However, in North Harris-Ferguson, until it was shortened America the process was more to Massey Ferguson in 1958. difﬁcult as product lines varied widely. New models were developed Global model to give both sales groups access to This MF165 was built at Massey Ferguson similar tractors. factories in the UK, France, and the US.

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MASSEY FERGUSON . 183 35 1200 3065 8737 1847 Daniel Massey starts making and 1933 Harry Ferguson builds the Black 1962 New Multi-Power transmission 1991 Massey Ferguson builds the world’s repairing tools and equipment in Tractor, the ﬁrst Ferguson System introduced – a two-speed powershift ﬁrst yield mapping combine, which Ontario, Canada tractor that doubled the number of gears uses signals from space satellites 1857 Alanson Harris buys a forge to make 1939 Massey-Harris introduces its 1964 Massey Ferguson announces six new 1995 AGCO buys Massey Ferguson simple machinery in Ontario Model 20 self-propelled combine 100 series models, ranging from the 1999 Perkins business sold to Caterpillar harvester MF135 to the MF1130 2002 Production of Massey Ferguson tractors 1891 Massey and Harris businesses merge to form Massey-Harris 1953 Massey-Harris buys the Ferguson 1986 MF300 and MF3000 series tractors ends at Banner Lane, Coventry, UK company to form Massey-Harris- introduce Massey Ferguson’s advanced 2008 The 370-hp MF8690 tractor is 1917 Massey-Harris distributes the Bull Ferguson, later shortened to Massey Autotronic and Datatronic information tractor in Canada Ferguson and control systems. Company name announced. It features the ﬁrst tractor changes to Varity, but Massey Ferguson engine to employ selective catalytic 1930 Massey-Harris becomes the ﬁrst large 1959 Massey Ferguson buys the Perkins remains the brand name reduction (SCR) for the production of company to build a four-wheel-drive diesel engine company cleaner exhaust emissions tractor Examples of the resulting duplication powerful machines was increasing included the Ferguson 40, introduced to provide “grey” dealers with a tractor “ Designed to actuallyfast and other manufacturers were in standard, rowcrop, and tricycle versions. The MH50 was introduced responding quickly to win new replace horses – under so the “red” network had a Massey customers. As a short-term solution machine to match the Ferguson TO35. This expensive and complicated policy Massey Ferguson began buying 90-hp any soil conditions.” ended in 1957 when the two product tractors from Minneapolis-Moline. lines were replaced by a uniform These models were ﬁnished in Massey MASSEY-HARRIS ADVERT AIMED AT SCEPTICAL FARMERS, 1930 range of smaller and mid-sized colours as the MF95, and a similar tractors bearing red livery and the Massey Ferguson brand name. arrangement with Oliver produced the However, Massey Ferguson still MF98 in 1959. The power gap soon control – a tractor industry ﬁrst and a huge leap forward with the use of faced problems in the higher horsepower ranges, particularly in ﬁlled with tractors developed by Massey an important step in the development Global Positioning System (GPS) for North America. Demand for more Ferguson, including four-wheel-drive of precision farming technology. combine harvester yield mapping. The Operator focus Improved “Comfort Capsule” cabs on pivot-steer tractors such as the 1970s’ Massey Ferguson maintained its technology was later rolled out to a 1970s MF500 models combined safety with reduced noise levels. popular MF1200. The 4000 series technological leadership by introducing wider range of tractor operations. tractors continued the trend in 1978 the electronically operated “Autotronic In 1995 Massey Ferguson became with outputs up to 273 hp, they were and Datatronic” information and part of the AGCO conglomerate. equipped with electronic rear linkage control systems on the MF300 and From small beginnings the Canadian MF3000 series in 1986. In 1991 the ﬁrm is now AGCO’s biggest brand, company helped power farming take sitting alongside such famous names as Challenger, Fendt, Hesston, Sisu Power, and Valtra.

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Reinventing the Plough The increased productivity rate of the new breed of tractors that husbandry. Ploughs enjoyed a revival during the 1980s, and appeared at the end of the 20th century demanded high- new concepts in ploughing included slatted, diamond, and capacity equipment. Changing attitudes towards arable square mouldboards. Moves to make the larger multi-furrow operations saw an emphasis on soil conservation, lessening models less unwieldy and more manoeuvrable led to articulated compaction, and minimal cultivations. This, combined with designs and the “push-pull” system. The latter consisted of a rising fuel costs, meant tractors had to cover as much ground as conventional plough hitched to the rear of the tractor and possible with as few passes of the ﬁeld as necessary. a second unit mounted on the front linkage to increase the number of furrows. Such systems were pioneered in the UK THE “PUSH-PULL” PLOUGH SYSTEM by two leading plough makers: Ransomes and Dowdeswell. A move towards minimum tillage at the end of the 1970s had This six-cylinder 7810 tractor from Ford’s 1989 Generation lll range is ﬁtted seen ploughs go out of fashion, but problems with annual weeds with a Ransomes TSR 300 Series “push-pull” plough. led to the realization that turning the soil was essential for good

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186 . 1981–2000 North American Power r Case 3294 North American high-horsepower tractors were traditionally designed as Date 1984 Origin USA two-wheel-drive machines, for working at high speeds with wide, shallow- Engine CDC Case/Cummins working cultivation tools. At these power levels very few farmers in the US 6-cylinder diesel and Canada operated the mounted equipment used on European farms, Horsepower 197 hp preferring to make use of hydraulic depth-control of trailed implements. Transmission 12 forward, 3 reverse That preference remained unchanged, but, by the last two decades of the 20th century, more were specifying powered front axles. As a result The 3294 was among the last tractors to the number of their big models sold in Europe began to increase. be introduced by Case in its white/black livery, before parent Tenneco’s purchase of International’s agricultural division and subsequent adoption of the red/ black colours. Production continued at the Racine, Wisconsin factory after the merger. Unusually, it featured a full-time, four-wheel-drive system.  Deutz-Allis 9150 The 9100 series was the ﬂagship North American market offering from Deutz-Allis Date 1989 Origin USA for 1989, the last year before the buyout Engine Deutz 6-cylinder which formed AGCO. Comprising three diesel models, the machines blended square Horsepower 155 hp US lines with bonnet styling that echoed Transmission 18 forward, 9 reverse the inﬂuence of German parent Klöckner- powershift Humboldt-Deutz’s tractor line. u Allis-Chalmers 6070 For the 1981 sales season, Allis-Chalmers replaced its 175 and 185 tractors with the 6060 and 6080, Date 1985 Origin USA later adding a 6070 variant. With the subsequent Engine Allis-Chalmers 4-cylinder diesel sale of the agricultural equipment business on Horsepower 80 hp 6 December 1985, the last Allis-Chalmers tractor Transmission 12 forward, 3 reverse to leave the West Allis factory was a 6070. u White 6195 White’s four Workhorse 6100 series tractors shared a common platform with their Date 1993 Origin USA “cousins” in parent ﬁrm AGCO’s other major Engine CDC Cummins 6-cylinder diesel North American line of the time, AGCO Allis. Horsepower 195 hp The key difference was the White’s use of Transmission 18 forward, 9 reverse CDC Cummins engines; the AGCO Allis powershift equivalents featured Deutz air-cooled power.

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 White 125 Workhorse NORTH AMERICAN POWER . 187 Date 1991 Origin USA l White Field Boss 2-110 Engine CDC Cummins 6-cylinder diesel Date 1982 Origin USA Horsepower 125 hp Engine Perkins 6-cylinder diesel Transmission 18 forward, Horsepower 110 hp 6 reverse Transmission 18 forward, 9 reverse The 125 Workhorse was the In 1982 White Farm Equipment (WFE) smallest in a line of four new replaced its 2-105 tractor with the new tractors introduced to the North Perkins-powered 2-110. A key feature American market by White in 1991. of the transmission, with its six main Manufactured at its plant in forward gears, was a three-speed Coldwater, Ohio, the tractors powershift, labelled Over/Under featured three powershift steps Hydraul-Shift by the maker. There in each of six gears. was also a redesigned cab.  Case IH Magnum 7250 Pro In 1992 a new 7150 ﬂagship was added to the original four-model range of Date 1997 Origin USA Case IH 7100 series Magnum tractors. Engine CDC Case/Cummins 6-cylinder diesel European farmers, though, had to wait Horsepower 264 hp until the improved 7200 series was Transmission 18 forward, 9 reverse introduced in 1994 to gain access powershift to its successor, the 7250. u International 5288 The 5288 was the middle model in a set of three that included the 150-hp 5088 and the Date 1981 Origin USA 205-hp 5488. The Tri-Six transmission allowed Engine International 6-cylinder diesel clutchless shifting between gears 1–2, 3–4, and Horsepower 180 hp 5–6, with other changes requiring the clutch but Transmission 18 forward, being synchronized. The range provided the basis 6 reverse for the Case IH 7100 Magnum tractors. u AGCO Allis 9775 With a short production run in 1998–99, the AGCO Allis 9775 was available with a Date 1998 Origin USA choice of engines, either Cummins or a Engine Navistar 6-cylinder diesel Navistar. The latter was manufactured by Horsepower 204 hp the company formerly known, before it Transmission 18 forward, 6 reverse sold its farm equipment division, as powershift International Harvester.

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188 . 1981–2000  International 885XL Bold Designs, Tough Times Date 1981 Origin UK Engine International 4-cylinder diesel The 1980s and early 1990s marked both the pinnacle and the beginning Horsepower 85 hp of the decline in British tractor manufacturing. Ford’s Basildon base, Transmission 8 forward, 4 reverse Massey Ferguson’s Coventry site, and Case International’s Doncaster plant cemented their position as important worldwide producers. By When, in 1981, International replaced its the late 1980s and early 1990s, though, factories such as the Case 84 series models with the 85 series, International (formerly David Brown) plant at Meltham were closed it was to be the last product launch under as the industry contracted. Meanwhile, most of the country’s smaller the marque for the Doncaster plant. The domestic manufacturers failed to survive beyond the early 1990s. major development was the XL cab, which proceeded to have a long service life in subsequent products. d Roadless Amex Workhorse One of the last tractors that Roadless developed from scratch before the company’s Date 1981 Origin UK demise was the Amex Workhorse. Designed Engine Ducati 2-cylinder diesel in 1981 it was intended as a low-cost machine Horsepower 22 hp for developing countries, in which transport Transmission 4 forward, 1 reverse made up much of the tractor’s duties. u Marshall 804 Developed from the Leyland tractor range, which Lincolnshire farmer Charles Date 1982 Origin UK Nickerson purchased from British Leyland Engine Leyland 4-cylinder diesel in 1981, the 82-hp 804 was initially the Horsepower 82 hp range-topper of the 02/04 series before Transmission 9 forward, the later introduction of the 904. The Sekura 3 reverse cabs were similar to those used by David Brown. d Marshall 100 With new styling that gave the tractor’s sheet steel some sharp lines, the Date 1984 Origin UK Marshall 100, launched in 1984, looked Engine Leyland 6-cylinder diesel markedly different from its predecessors. Horsepower 103 hp It was later joined by 115, 125, and 145 Transmission 20 forward, models, but these represented the 9 reverse company’s manufacturing swansong. u Roadless 120 Like fellow Ford four-wheel-drive (4WD) conversion specialists County and Muir-Hill, Roadless found Date 1983 Origin UK the 1980s tough going. Being mainly focused on Engine Ford 6-cylinder diesel unequal-wheel 4WD, it was hit hardest by other tractor Horsepower 130 hp makers’ entry into this sector. Production ceased Transmission 8 forward, in 1983, with its ﬁnal tractors being purchased by 4 reverse British telephone company BT.

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BOLD DESIGNS, TOUGH TIMES . 189 r County 1884 Date 1984 Origin UK Engine Ford 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 188 hp Transmission 16 forward, 8 reverse Widely considered as the ultimate County tractor, the 1884 was the largest made by the Hampshire ﬁrm. Based on the Ford TW-35, it produced a rated 188 hp. While most were “Q-cabbed”, the last two 1884s produced were ﬁtted with Ford’s worklight-laden Super-Q cab. r JWD 494 Fieldmaster Following the demise of Marshall tractor production, the rights to Date 1993 Origin UK produce the range were acquired Engine Perkins 4-cylinder by Lancashire-based former diesel Marshall dealer John Charnley & Horsepower 85 hp Sons. A small number of the newly Transmission 15 forward, liveried Fieldmasters were made 4 reverse for a limited time in the late 1980s. u Case International 1594 l Case IH 4210 The inﬂuence of the 85 series tractor design launched by Date 1988 Origin UK Date 1997 Origin UK International in 1981 lasted right Engine Case International 6-cylinder diesel Engine Case IH 4-cylinder through to the Case IH 3200 Horsepower 95 hp diesel and 4200 models. These were Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse Horsepower 70 hp produced at the Wheatley Hall Transmission 8 forward, Road factory in Doncaster in After the merger of the Case and International 4 reverse the mid-1990s. agricultural lines, parent ﬁrm Tenneco retained International’s Doncaster factory and Case’s Meltham plant. In 1988, though, the Meltham facility was closed, and sub-100-hp production concentrated at Doncaster. Commemorative editions of the 72–108-hp 1394–1694 models marked the end of production.

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190 . 1981–2000 Harry Ferguson and Henry Ford with the Ford 9N Great Manufacturers Ford The Ford tractor line began in 1939 with the 9N model incorporating Harry Ferguson’s hydraulic system. This little grey tractor captured the hearts and minds of American farmers as the blue oval expanded to encompass one of the largest agricultural machinery ranges in the world with a massive global presence. IN OCTOBER 1938 Harry Ferguson “The largest engineering met with Henry Ford at Ford’s Fair Lane residence near Dearborn, project ever undertaken by Michigan. The two businessmen shook hands over an agreement to any tractor manufacturer.” collaborate on a “Ford Tractor with Ferguson System”. The 9N model JOHN FOXWELL, CHIEF ENGINEER, FORD TRACTOR OPERATIONS, they built met with instant acclaim, ON THE 6X, 1964–75 introducing US farmers to an entirely new system of farming, and more Michigan with the 8N and subsequent at Dagenham would be swept away than 300,000 were sold. NAA models, based on the 9N design and replaced by a new “Worldwide” but in a new red and grey livery. 6X range in simultaneous production The split with Ferguson in 1946 at Basildon in England, Antwerp in was acrimonious; resulting in a In 1955 Ford abandoned its Belgium, and Highland Park. lengthy legal battle over patent one-model policy and launched a infringement that was ﬁnally resolved range of ﬁve new tractors in two More than US$90 million and one in 1952 after Ford settled out of court, power classes. Further options, million man-hours of engineering paying Ferguson US$9.25 million. including diesel engines, were added effort were invested in the 6X Meanwhile, Ford tractor production as the range was extended still programme, resulting in the new Ford continued at Highland Park in further. A six-cylinder model, the 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 tractors, Ford 6000, arrived in 1961, but its unveiled in a blaze of publicity at New Ford offers more reputation was tarnished by York on 10 October 1964. Four During the 1950s Ford’s US tractor line reliability issues. all-new tractors produced in largely expanded to include a range of different untried facilities meant teething options: utility, all-purpose, and rowcrop A new blue and grey colour scheme problems were inevitable, and the 6X and diesel models were available in two was introduced in 1962 to herald the range suffered from more than its fair different power classes. integration of the company’s global share of failures. However, any tractor operations under a single Ford failings were addressed by the launch banner. The British Fordson line built of the greatly improved 6Y Ford Force range in 1968. Ford was the rising star of the tractor industry during the 1970s as it consolidated its global presence with a worldwide sales and service network that was the envy of its competitors. New introductions during this period included the turbocharged Ford 7000, and a range of heavyweight, six-cylinder tractors that culminated in the launch of the prestigious TW series in 1979. The top and bottom ends of the range were strengthened by manufacturing agreements with

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FORD . 191 8N 5000 7000 7810 Silver Jubilee 1939 Ford 9N, named for the ﬁrst year of its 1957 Ford demonstrates its experimental 1974 US Ford tractor production transfers to 1985 Ford acquires New Holland from Sperry production, goes into production at the gas-turbine Typhoon tractor Romeo, Michigan Corporation Rouge plant 1958 Diesel engines offered for ﬁrst time on 1977 FW range, built in conjunction with 1987 Ford Tractor Operations renamed Ford 1945 Highland Park becomes the main American Ford tractors Steiger, introduced New Holland and takes over Versatile Romeo plant closes and US production production centre for Ford tractors 1961 Ford Tractor Operations created to 1979 TW series of high-horsepower tractors is transferred to Basildon, England 1947 Ford 8N tractor enters production coordinate worldwide undertakings go into production at Antwerp and 1948 Ferguson ﬁles lawsuit against Ford for Romeo 1989 Basildon commemorates 25 years of 1964 Worldwide 6X range unveiled at Radio production with limited-edition 7810 patent infringement City Music Hall in New York 1981 Romeo builds Ford’s ﬁve-millionth Silver Jubilee tractor 1952 Ford settles out of court with Ferguson tractor 1970 First Ford compact tractor supplied by 1991 Fiat acquires Ford New Holland and for US$9.25 million Shibaura of Japan 1984 Ford produces 100,000 of the 730,000 merges it with its Fiatagri division 1953 NAA tractor introduced in year of tractors sold worldwide with a 13 1971 Launch of 7000, Ford’s ﬁrst percent global market share 1994 Ford name dropped from tractors Ford’s golden jubilee turbocharged tractor Global product, left The Ford 6X range was designed for worldwide distribution and more than 70 per cent of the British-built tractors made at Basildon were exported. Most were shipped by sea from the company’s wharf at Dagenham. Little and large, right By 1979 Ford offered a tractor in almost every power class. The big articulated FW series was built for the company by Steiger in the US, while the compact tractors were sourced from Shibaura of Japan. Steiger of North Dakota and Shibaura with a range of machinery to rival under new ownership and had been of Japan. Steiger supplied the FW that of MF, International, and Deere. acquired by Fiat. In the years that series of articulated giants, while In October 1985 it purchased New followed, the Ford and Fiatagri Shibaura built Ford’s compact Holland from the Sperry Corporation agricultural machinery ranges were tractors. By 1981 the organization was for more than £236 million. The integrated under the New Holland offering more than 20 different tractor tractor business, which now operated ﬂag as a new global organization models in the UK alone – and that is with a degree of autonomy from the was born. without including all the industrial parent company as Ford New equipment. New ranges for the 1980s Holland, was bolstered further by the included the Series 10, Force ll, and acquisition of Versatile in 1987. Generation lll models, with greater sophistication and comfort. That same year, the Genesis project was inaugurated to provide the next By 1984 Ford was in second place generation of engines for an entirely in the overall tractor rankings after new range of Ford tractors, the Series Massey Ferguson, and had increased 40. By the time these new machines its share of the North American went into production at Basildon in market to take the third spot after October 1991, Ford New Holland was Deere and International. It was in an unassailable position in the UK and Mighty power was the market leader for the twelfth The turbocharged, six-cylinder engine year in succession. However, a severe powering the TW-35 tractor from Ford’s 1983 downturn in the world economy was TW series developed 195 hp. Air-to-air affecting proﬁts, and rumours were intercooling, an exclusive feature, cooled the beginning to abound that the Ford air entering the cylinders to accept a greater Motor Company was preparing to volume of fuel and increase power. divest its tractor business. Ford felt that its tractor division would be a more attractive proposition for any prospective purchaser if it could be turned into a full-line equipment manufacturer

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192 . 1981-2000 Continental Developments As in the UK, agriculture across much of mainland Europe rode the recession of the early 1980s remarkably well, and so did its tractor plants. Countries such as France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Finland continued to churn out new models that made farming faster and simpler – resulting from developments in areas such as electronics, transmissions, and operator comfort. Four-wheel-drive systems, long the preserve of after-market suppliers, began to be offered by the manufacturers themselves, while average horsepower increased as higher-capacity implements were developed and reversible ploughs became the norm. r Renault 155-54 Nectra Date 1991 Origin France Engine MWM 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 145 hp Transmission 16 forward, 16 reverse Alongside Ford and Fiat, Renault was one of a handful of companies that had maintained involvement in tractors, cars, and commercial vehicles throughout most of the 20th century. One of its key developments was in the ﬁeld of operator comfort, with the creation of its hydrostable cab suspension system. u Fendt Farmer 310LS Turbomatik r Case International 1056XL Date 1985 Origin Germany Date 1992 Origin Germany Engine Fendt 4-cylinder diesel Engine Case International Horsepower 94 hp 6-cylinder diesel Transmission 15 forward, 4 reverse Horsepower 105 hp Transmission 16 forward, 8 reverse Fendt’s Farmer models featured the company’s Turbomatik system, which In 1985 the German-made 856, 956, and combined a pump impeller and a turbine 1056 tractors, launched by International to provide power takeup between engine in 1981, gained new paint and then a new and transmission. The former injected nose after the merger between Case and oil into the “compartments” of the latter International. Production continued to provide smooth power transfer as the through to 1992, when they were clutch was released and the engine sped up. superseded by the Maxxum 5100 series. u Fiat Winner F110 Date 1990 Origin Italy Engine Fiat 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 110 hp Transmission 16 forward, 8 reverse Not long before it acquired Ford’s agricultural equipment business, Fiat launched a completely redesigned set of 100–140-hp tractors, collectively named the Winner series. They used a completely new cab, which did away with the angular lines found on the 80/90 series.

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CONTINENTAL DEVELOPMENTS . 193  Steyr 8130A Turbo Date 1992 Origin Austria Engine Steyr 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 120 hp Transmission 18 forward, 6 reverse Born out of an Austrian munitions manufacturer, the Steyr tractor business established a strong following for the quality of its products. The business and its factory were purchased by Case Corp. in 1996, and today the plant still produces Steyr and Case International tractors. u Deutz-Fahr AgroXtra During the late 1980s and early 1990s a r Zetor 9540 The Volvo-BM Valmet name that had DX6.08 number of European farmers chose to modify adorned the merged companies’ tractors their tractors to improve forward vision – Date 1992 Origin Czech Republic since soon after the 1979 association of their Date 1991 Origin Germany a move that reﬂected growing use of front Engine Zetor 4-cylinder diesel tractor businesses, had become simply Engine Deutz 6-cylinder diesel linkages. Recognizing this trend, Deutz-Fahr Horsepower 95 hp “Valmet” by the later part of the decade. Horsepower 107 hp led the way among manufacturers in Transmission 18 forward, Despite ongoing updates, the machines still Transmission 48 forward, 12 adopting the drop-nose design, which 6 reverse retained their distinctive, forward-nose design. reverse suited its air-cooled engined tractors. In 1992 Zetor launched the results of the ﬁrst major redesign of its mid-sized tractors, with its 40 series machines. Beginning with the 75-hp 7540, the line was later expanded to three larger models, including the 9540. d Valmet 8400 Date 1995 Origin Finland Engine Valmet 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 140 hp Transmission 36 forward, 36 reverse u SAME Titan 190 Top of the maker’s line during the mid-1990s, SAME’S 190 and its Date 1994 Origin Italy smaller sibling, the 160, featured an Engine Same 6-cylinder diesel electronic powershift transmission. Horsepower 189 hp This enabled clutchless shifting of Transmission 27 forward, nine speeds in each of three ranges, 27 reverse via joystick-mounted push buttons.

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194 . 1981–2000 l Chamberlain 4480B Around the World Date 1982 Origin Australia Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel Away from the multinational farm equipment companies, a number Horsepower 119 hp of regionally focused manufacturers concentrated on creating Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse tractors primarily to suit the needs of farmers in their countries and regions. From basic, low-horsepower machines to work on small Founded in 1947 Chamberlain tractor farms, to tractors built for a country’s particular type of broad-acre production was borne out of a former farming, some units went on to be sold worldwide, while others munitions factory in the western remained peculiar to their country of origin. In particular, the Australian town of Welshpool. John sub-40-hp compact tractors made primarily by Japanese, South Deere purchased 49 per cent of Korean, Indian, and Chinese ﬁrms enjoyed a good deal of success. Chamberlain in 1970, then bought out the company completely. The 4480B was the largest model in a 68–119 hp range. u Chamberlain 4490 Chamberlain tractors were given John u CBT 8060 Companhia Brasileira de Tratores, based Deere colours, while retaining Chamberlain in the Brazilian city of São Carlos, began Date 1984 Origin Australia branding, model numbers, and certain Date 1989 Origin Brazil producing tractors in 1960. Its machines Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel distinctive styling. The Chamberlain Engine Perkins 4-cylinder diesel traditionally used a frame design in Horsepower 190 hp business was absorbed fully into John Horsepower 60 hp which the engine and transmission are Transmission 18 forward, Deere and German and US-made machines Transmission 8 forward, cradled, meaning that major servicing 18 reverse powershift took the place of the Australian ones. 2 reverse did not require the tractor to be split. u Mahindra 265 DI Mahindra is one of the world’s u Valmet 1780 Turbo largest tractor producers. Its Date 1995 Origin India chief market is its vast domestic Date 1989 Origin Brazil Engine Perkins 3-cylinder diesel one, but this Indian ﬁrm also Engine Valmet 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 45 hp exports globally. This 265 DI Horsepower 170 hp Transmission 8 forward, inherits its looks from Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse 2 reverse International’s B-250/275. In 1960, following invitations from major manufacturers to pitch for permission to establish a domestic tractor factory, the Brazilian government selected Valmet as its preferred partner. The Finnish ﬁrm set up a plant at Mogi das Cruzes, close to São Paulo, where this 1780 Turbo was introduced in 1989.

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AROUND THE WORLD . 195 u Belarus 1522 Date 2000 Origin Belarus Engine Belarus/MTZ 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 155 hp Transmission 16 forward, 8 reverse Formerly the major tractor-producing factory of the USSR, the plant at Minsk, in the now- independent state of Belarus, remains the dominant tractor manufacturing facility among the former Soviet Republic states. l Kubota L3250 Date 1989 Origin Japan Engine Kubota 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 35 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Compact tractors such as this L3250 shown with tyres for turf application were the focus of Kubota’s range. One of the world’s major producers of this type of tractor, Kubota gradually increased the power of its larger machines to compete more fully in the agricultural sector. l Daedong D55 u TAFE 45 DI Date 1996 Origin South Korea Date c.1995 Origin India Engine Daedong 3-cylinder diesel Engine TAFE 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 55 hp Horsepower 45 hp Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse The South Korean ﬁrm Daedong initially The Indian ﬁrm Tractors And Farm exported its tractors under its own name, Equipment (TAFE) has had a long-standing before creating the Kioti brand to appeal relationship with Massey Ferguson, and to a wider audience of buyers across other has for many years used the multinational markets. Like many Far Eastern companies brand’s componentry as the basis for its it tended to focus on the sub-100-hp sector. tractors. The internals of the 45-hp 45 DI trace their heritage to the popular MF135.

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196 . 1981–2000 Rubber Tracks Arrive The arrival of modern rubber-tracked tractors was the culmination of many years of design and experimentation. Several unsuccessful attempts were made from the 1920s onwards to combine the mobility of the rubber tyre with the high tractive effort of the steel track-type tractor, mainly due to the limits of rubber technology. The breakthrough came when NASA developed rubber track for vehicles to explore the surface of the Moon – these tracks were built from continuous steel wires with rubber moulded around them. u Waltanna 200 James Nagorcka founded Waltanna to High Drive produce high-horsepower tractors after he had built and exhibited one at a local show, Date 1990 Origin Australia where he received requests to build further Engine Cummins 6-cylinder diesel examples. He went on to create a range Horsepower 225 hp of conventional-looking tractors, and later Transmission Hydrostatic modiﬁed the design for this Hi Drive model. u Caterpillar Challenger 65 d Caterpillar Challenger 85D Date 1987 Origin USA Date 1997 Origin USA Engine Caterpillar 3306 6-cylinder diesel Engine Caterpillar 3196 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 256 hp Horsepower 370 hp Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse, full powershift Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse The Challenger 65 was the ﬁrst successful rubber-track Caterpillar continued to develop and widen tractor. The rubber-track components were tested over its range of rubber-tracked tractors. The earlier a period of years using both grader tractive units and Challenger 65 used an inﬂatable rubber tyre as modiﬁed steel-tracked tractors. Early problems with the front idler in the track system, which could the friction drive were solved by a rebuild programme. puncture. On later models such as the 85D this was replaced by a steel idler with a bonded rubber tread. This updated feature was also necessary to cope with the very high belt tension required to transmit the ever- increasing horsepower ratings.

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RUBBER TRACKS ARRIVE . 197 u Track Marshall The Track Marshall 200 was built by Waltanna TM200 in Australia with a few minor modiﬁcations for the British market. The most obvious was the Date 1991 Origin Australia colour change from white to yellow – full Engine Cummins 6CT8.3 yellow was only used on the ﬁrst few machines. Horsepower 210 hp The two-tone yellow and black colour system Transmission Hydrostatic seen here replaced the all-yellow version. u John Deere 8400T d Volgograd BT-100 l Morooka MK220 Date 1998 Origin USA Date 1994 Origin Russia Date 1995 Origin Japan Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel Engine Volgograd 4-cylinder diesel Engine Cummins 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 235 hp Horsepower 101 hp Horsepower 220 hp Transmission 16 speed, full Transmission 7 forward, Transmission Hydrostatic powershift 1 reverse This was yet another attempt to place The 8000T series shared their The rubber-track revolution was embraced a rubber-tracked crawler on the market. transmissions and engines with the by Russian agriculture as well as the West. Morooka used a positive-drive system 8000 series of wheeled tractors, Volgograd took the latest model of its with the sprocket driving from the front many parts being interchangeable. steel-tracked tractor and replaced the metal of the track for all its machines, and this This was the ﬁrst time for nearly tracks with positively driven rubber belts. tractor was no exception. The MK220 was 30 years that John Deere offered Little modiﬁcation to the tractor itself was very useful where the requirements were both wheeled and tracked versions required; provided the drawbar loadings moderate draft and low ground pressure. of the same tractors. were kept within reason, the system worked. r Claas Challenger 45 Apart from the livery, the Claas Challenger range was identical to the Caterpillar Date 1997 Origin USA Challenger range. The Challenger 35, 45, Engine Caterpillar 3116 and 55 models were the ﬁrst in the Caterpillar 6-cylinder diesel line to use a large-diameter rear-drive wheel. Horsepower 242 hp Although the same tractors, the green-painted Transmission 16 forward, models never enjoyed the same popularity 9 reverse, full powershift as their counterparts in Caterpillar colours.

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198 . 1981–2000 Case IH Quadtrac As a fully articulated, tracked machine, the Case IH Quadtrac was very unusual in its class. When other manufacturers began to offer rubber-tracked tractors, Case IH looked for a way to place one of their own on the market. To save the cost of developing a full-track machine, the company resolved to offer tracks as an option on their tried-and-tested articulated, four-wheel-drive models. IN JANUARY 1987 Case IH acquired the Steiger rugged simplicity and reliability. Its “bend-in-the- Dry-type air-cleaner with tractor manufacterer of Fargo, North Dakota, US. middle” type of steering eliminated the need for the a high capacity and With this acquisition came Steiger’s acclaimed line complex hydraulic-over-mechanical, controlled- high level of intake of articulated, four-wheel-drive tractors – the differential steering generally required on a midwestern company being one of the pioneers of full-track machine. The Quadtrac’s rubber tracks this type of high-horsepower machine. Case IH were positive-drive, which allowed the tractor to continued to develop the product, renowned for its operate in virtually all agricutural conditions. Versatile power Six-cylinder engine The 9370’s principal virtue was its raw strength. The Cummins N14 engine was a benchmark for well-priced, reliable power with comparatively easy maintenance. The high overall cost of the Quadtrac system was not cheap, but was more than offset by its capability to cover acres. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW Positive drive track sprocket Track frame pivot-point

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1 CASE IH QUADTRAC . 199 SPECIFICATIONS 45 Model Case IH Quadtrac 9370 Built c. 1997 Origin USA 2 Production Unknown THE DETAILS Engine 360 hp Cummins 6-cylinder 1. Quadtrac motif 2. Cummins turbocharged and aftercooled diesel 360-hp turbo-charged and after-cooled diesel engine 3. Driver’s instrument Capacity 855 cu.in (14,000 cc) panel and steering wheel 4. Tractor functions display gauges 5. Gearbox, Transmission 12 forward, 3 reverse hydraulic, and throttle controls 6. Steel-cable-reinforced rubber track Top speed 18.7 mph (30.1 km/h) 3 Length 19 ft 6 in (5.95 m) Weight 19.9 tons (20 tonnes) 6 Driver’s cabin is spacious, air-conditioned, and dust-free Hydraulic, three-point linkage complete with “Quic-tach” attachment Steering pivot-point Steering control hydraulic ram

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200 . 1981–2000 Big Wheelers r Rome 475C The UK’s four-wheel-drive tractor success started with smaller Date 1978 Origin USA specialist companies, while the biggest manufacturers waited Engine Caterpillar V8 diesel for the market to develop. There was a similar trend in the US Horsepower 475 hp and Canada when high-horsepower four-wheel drives with Transmission 12 forward, 2 reverse articulated steering were beginning to attract more customers. It was left to small specialist companies such as Big Bud, Rome Plow Co. is a long-established Steiger, and Versatile to meet the initial demand – the big farm implement manufacturer that companies followed later. North American manufacturers built high-horsepower tractors from dominated the high-horsepower tractor market, but large 1978 until 1984. The 475C tractor was numbers were also built in Russia, with small-scale part of a four-model range powered production elsewhere including Australia and Germany. by Caterpillar and Cummins engines with outputs from 375 hp to 600 hp. u International 3788 The New 88 series models with articulated steering announced by International in 1979 Date 1979 Origin USA earned the nickname “Snoopy” because of their Engine International 6-cylinder unusual front-end appearance. Placing the cab near Horsepower 170 hp the rear, behind the hinge point, created an extra Transmission 12 forward, 6 reverse long front section, giving a powerful appearance. u Versatile 935 The 935 was one of a batch of new models announced in 1978, all powered Date 1980 Origin Canada by Cummins engines. The range was known Engine Cummins V8 diesel as the Labour Force and the 935 was the Horsepower 330 hp most powerful of the ﬁve new models. Transmission 12 forward, Versatile was bought by the Ford New 4 reverse Holland organization in 1987. u Baldwin DM525 l Big Bud 500 Date 1979 Origin Australia Date 1985 Origin USA Engine Cummins KTA Engine Komatsu 6-cylinder diesel 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 500 hp Horsepower 525 hp Transmission 12 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse Big Bud’s reputation was established at the top end of the high-horsepower The DM525 built in 1979 with tractor market with models to suit a mechanical gearbox was the the biggest farms. The standard Baldwin family’s ﬁrst production speciﬁcation for the Big 500 model tractor – a powershift transmission included a Komatsu engine, but a version called the DP525 was 19-litre Deutz power unit was listed available as well. Baldwin also as an option. built a 600-hp model, said to be Australia’s most powerful tractor.

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BIG WHEELERS . 201 l ACO 600 Date 1989 Origin South Africa Engine ADE V12 diesel Horsepower 820 hp Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse ACO was a privately owned company established in 1986 to build mainly high-horsepower tractors including the ACO 600 model. Sales peaked in the early 1990s, but falling demand brought a change of ownership in 1999 and production ended a few years later. u Case IH Quadtrac 9370 Big articulated tractors in the Case d Ford Versatile 9680 u John Deere 8770 range were built by Steiger and included Date 1997 Origin USA the 9370, available with four-wheel drive Date 1993 Origin Canada Date 1993 Origin USA Engine Cummins 6-cylinder or as a Quadtrac version mounted on Engine Cummins 6-cylinder Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel turbocharged and after-cooled diesel independently suspended rubber tracks. Horsepower 325 hp Horsepower 300 hp engine and 259 hp Horsepower 360 hp The tracks helped spread the tractor’s Transmission 12 forward, 4 reverse Transmission 12 forward, 3 reverse Transmission 12 forward, 3 reverse weight to reduce soil compaction. New Holland’s new Ford Versatile 80 John Deere is one of the big success stories series tractors were launched in late in the high-horsepower sector and the 1993. The 96)80 model was the four 70 series models contributed to this. replacement for the earlier The 8770 offered 300 hp but the other 946 tractor, which was powered by a models in the series provided 250, 350, 350 hp Cummins NTA-855-A engine. and 400 hp engine outputs.

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202 . 1981–2000 JCB Fastrac The JCB Fastrac was built in response to changing agricultural trends that saw farm tractors spending more than half their working time on transport tasks. In 1986 JCB started developing a machine that could operate safely at high speeds on the road and carry out traditional ﬁeld tasks. Launched in 1991, the line continues today. THE FASTRAC 185 was extremely versatile. Its conventional Fast and ﬂexible front and rear linkages allowed the use of standard tractor The Fastrac 185 was designed for speed and implements, and tools weighing up to 6,613 lb (3,000 kg) manoeuvrability. Its 185-hp engine, six-gear could be mounted on the load platform behind the cab – all-synchromesh gearbox, and two-speed splitter ideal for heavier items such as agricultural crop sprayers. meant the machine could pull away with a plough in Self-levelling rear suspension maintained weight distribution the ground or towing a heavy trailer. between the front and rear axles, allowing improved Its standard tyres were Michelin traction and handling. With a powerful engine and equal- 495/70R24, rated for a full sized traction wheels the 185 was equally comfortable 47 mph (75 km/h). carrying out heavy work in the ﬁeld or rapidly transporting heavy loads. 185-hp Cummins engine provides Most sales came from large farms and agricultural contractors, but the Fastrac was also popular for municipal power and speed work as well as forestry and airport maintenance. Front hitch lifts up to 6,613 lb (3,000 kg) FRONT VIEW Tyres carry heavy loads over uneven ground REAR VIEW

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Adjustable work lights THE DETAILS 1 JCB FASTRAC . 203 provide 360 degree illumination 1. Coil spring front suspension with telescopic shock absorbers 3 2. External disc brakes on all four wheels ensured powerful 2 Full-width stopping power 3. View of dashboard 4. Hydraulic spool valve cab includes controls 5. Electronic controls for two- or four-wheel drive and 4 air-conditioning differential locks, power takeoff, and hydraulic services 5 Flashing beacon alerts other road users SPECIFICATIONS Model JCB Fastrac 185-65 Built 1998 Origin UK Production Not known Engine 185 hp Cummins 6-cylinder turbocharged, intercooled Capacity 358.8 cu.in (5,880 cc) Transmission 36 forward, 12 reverse Rear linkage capable of lifting up Top speed 46.8 mph (75.3 km/h to 15,432 lb (7,000 kg) Length 18 ft 11 in (5.8 m) Weight 6.39 tons (6.49 tonnes) Linkage control switch Air-operated external disc brakes ﬁtted to all four wheels

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204 . 1981–2000 r Steyr 8300 Multipurpose Machines Date 1982 Origin Austria Engine Steyr 6-cylinder diesel Engineers have long sought to design multipurpose tractors Horsepower 245 hp or “systems” machines that can carry out two or three ﬁeld Transmission Hydrostatic operations in a single pass, enabling farmers to save time, fuel, and labour. These often combine the ability to hitch implements Produced from 1982 to 1987, the Steyr to both the front and rear of the machine, with a load platform 8300 had an offset cab with reversible on the tractor itself. Other features often include high road driving position, but was primarily transport speeds and the ability to operate in reverse with the designed to be operated in reverse driver facing forwards, for easier operation on some tasks. drive with mounted equipment such as forage harvesters. It was replaced by an improved 8320 model before production ended in 1993. r Trantor Mk II Date 1985 Origin UK Engine Leyland 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 80 hp Transmission 10 forward, 2 reverse The ﬁrst Trantor was designed in response to a 1970s survey of farmers’ tractor use, which showed that almost three-quarters of their time was spent on haulage and transport tasks. Later Mark II models featured engines of up to 92 hp and a revised cab design. u BIMA 360 l Mercedes-Benz MB-trac 1000 Date 1988 Origin France Date 1985 Origin Germany Engine Caterpillar 6-cylinder diesel Engine Mercedes-Benz Horsepower 360 hp 6-cylinder diesel Transmission Hydrostatic Horsepower 95 hp Transmission 16 forward, 8 reverse Introduced in 1983, the French-built BIMA tractor differed from most other Mercedes-Benz introduced its MB-trac articulated high-horsepower machines in model in 1972, with an unusual and the way in which it steered, with its distinctive combination of equal-sized articulation point underneath the cab and wheels and mid-mounted cab, plus a the engine to the rear. Three-point linkages load platform to the rear for equipment and power takeoffs were ﬁtted at both ends. such as sprayers. Later it launched larger models with a reverse drive feature; manufacturing ended in 1991.

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M U LT I P U R P OS E M AC H I N ES . 20 5 u Clayton C4105 Launched in 1992 the C4105 Buggi was created as a load-carrying Date 1994 Origin UK platform vehicle, designed primarily Engine John Deere 4-cylinder diesel for use with demountable sprayers Horsepower 110 hp and spreaders. Optional rear linkage, Transmission 10 forward, hydraulic outlets, power takeoff, and 2 reverse or hydrostatic drawbar increased its versatility. u JCB Fastrac 185-65 Three years after the Fastrac became fully commercially available, manufacturer JCB launched Date 1998 Origin UK its biggest version to date, with the release of the Engine Cummins 6-cylinder diesel 185–65. Powered by a Cummins 5.9-litre engine, the Horsepower 185 hp tractor was otherwise similar in format to the Transmission 36 forward, 12 reverse smaller, existing 135–65 and 155–65 models. r Fendt Xylon 524 Date 1990 Origin Germany Engine MAN 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 140 hp Transmission 44 forward, 44 reverse For many years Fendt had been producing tool-carrier tractors – those with engines sited underneath the cab and a clear platform in front for mounting hoes or sprayer tanks. In 1990 it developed the concept and created the mid-cabbed, equal-wheeled Xylon. Production was relatively short-lived. u Moffett MFT 7840 Date 1995 Origin Ireland Engine New Holland 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 100 hp Transmission 16 forward, 16 reverse The Moffett 7840 was a specialist conversion of a standard Ford New Holland 7840 that allowed the driver to rotate the tractor’s controls and operate it in reverse. Key beneﬁts included unimpeded vision and rear-wheel steering when used with the ﬁrm’s own rear loader. r Claas Xerion 2500 Date 1996 Origin Germany Engine Caterpillar 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 250 hp Transmission Continuously variable transmission The Claas Xerion was originally designed as a multipurpose vehicle capable of accommodating implements front and rear and on its load platform. Front and rear linkages and a moveable cab allowed both operator and implement to be sited in the ideal position.

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After 2000 21ST CENTURY

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AFTER 2000 . 209 21ST CENTURY Tractor development since 2000 has Key events concentrated on improving what has gone r 2000 The Italian ARGO group acquires Case IH’s Doncaster plant, UK before with the emphasis on enhanced and rebrands the tractors under the McCormick banner. performance, lower emissions, and advanced r 2002 AGCO acquires the design, telematics. Average horsepower has continued assembly, and marketing rights to the rubber-track Challenger. to rise; in the UK it has increased from 124 hp r 2003 German manufacturer Claas to 150 hp since 2003. Some of the larger takes over Renault Agriculture. articulated and rubber-track machines now r 2004 Finnish tractor manufacturer Valtra becomes part of AGCO. offer close to 600 hp. The latest developments r 2006 A New Holland TM190 tractor include touchscreen displays, active suspension, clocks up more than 500 hours of continuous operation on biodiesel. and inﬁnitely variable transmissions with r 2007 An AGCO Challenger MT875B different operational modes. cultivates 1,591 acres (644 hectares) in 24 hours. Farming has become a business rather than u Russian tracklayers an occupation with large companies displacing The Volgograd Tractor Plant, Russia’s largest r 2011 SAME Deutz-Fahr builds its many of the family farms in intensive arable manufacturer of agricultural crawler tractors, one-millionth tractor. Tier IVa areas. Users demand high-speciﬁcation became part of the Agromash Group in emissions regulations become a legal March 2003. requirement for engines above 174 hp. machines with increased levels of reliability and durability from their components. r 2012 John Deere celebrates its 175th anniversary with record net sales and Precision farming means many of the operations are automated by satellite revenues of US$36.2 billion. guidance for accuracy, making even the driver almost a passenger. r 2013 The Case IH Quadtrac 620 and the New Holland T8 Auto Command The tractor industry has had to continue changing to survive. Many of the tractors win the “Machine of the Year 2014” awards. India becomes the traditional names have disappeared and factories have closed. Assembly is now world’s largest tractor producer. carried out on a global basis with engines made in one country and transmissions r 2014 New Holland launches its Golden Jubilee T7 and T6 models celebrating 50 in another. The three big players with a worldwide presence are John Deere, CNH years of tractor building at Basildon. (formed from the merger of New Holland with the Case Corporation), and AGCO. u Ploughing record In 2005 a Case IH Quadrac STX500 set a world Despite the growth in technology, there is still a place for a basic, low- record for ploughing 792 acres (321 hectares) in less than 24 hours with 20-furrow plough. horsepower tractor, especially in the emerging economies. This has become the fastest-growing segment of the market, served by manufacturers in India, China, and South Korea, among others. The Indian manufacturer Mahindra is now probably the largest tractor manufacturer in the world by volume with annual sales of more than 200,000 units during 2012. “ The tractor and farm machinery industry is central to the way farmers use those resources that are scarce.” GRAHAM EDWARDS, CEO TRANTOR INTERNATIONAL  The latest concept from Valtra combines articulated steering with a rotating front axle to reduce soil compaction.

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210 . AFTER 2000 r Massey Ferguson 5410 Universal Date 2014 Origin France Workhorses Engine AGCO Power 3-cylinder diesel As available horsepower levels have increased over recent Horsepower 75 hp decades, tractors under 100 hp have been targeted at the Transmission 16 forward, 16 reverse livestock farming sector: for those raising animals and for grassland-based operations. Machines above this level tend With the closure of the AGCO-Massey to be focused on farms with arable businesses. The two Ferguson factory in Coventry, UK categories have distinct needs – in the under 100-hp bracket in 2003, the MF4300 range was that means a compact design for entry into low buildings and replaced with the new 5400 series. manoeuvrability through narrow spaces, plus ease of cab These were made in the Beauvais entry/exit for some tasks. facility in France, and featured greater rear lift capacity, an d Case IH JXU 85 improved cab, powershuttle, and a multiplate wet clutch. Date 2007 Origin Italy Engine Iveco 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 86 hp Transmission 24 forward, 24 reverse The Case IH JXU range shared a platform with the New Holland TL-A line, with both being manufactured at the former Fiatagri tractor plant in Jesi, Italy. Model numbers were gradually expanded so that the range ultimately covered ﬁve models spanning 76–113 hp. u John Deere 5090 G r New Holland T4.85 Date 2014 Origin Italy Date 2014 Origin Italy Engine John Deere 4-cylinder diesel Engine FPT 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 90 hp Horsepower 85 hp Transmission 12 forward, 12 reverse Transmission 12 forward, 12 reverse Comprising two models of 80 hp and 90 hp, powered by 4.5-litre diesel engines, John With ﬁve models from 75 hp to Deere’s 5G tractors are available in either 115 hp, New Holland’s T4 series is cab or rollbar formats, and either two- or one of the key product lines to come four-wheel drive. Gears can be selected out of the CNH Industrial factory in in either forward or reverse via a shuttle Jesi, Italy, a plant ﬁrst founded in lever on the left of the steering column. 1986 to produce Fiatagri tractors.

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UNIVERSAL WORKHORSES . 211 l Zetor Major 80 After steadily upgrading and increasing the speciﬁcation of its range for a decade and Date 2012 Origin Czech Republic expanding its power band, in 2012 Zetor Engine Zetor 4-cylinder diesel introduced a new no-frills tractor model, Horsepower 77 hp the Major 80. The machine featured a Carraro Transmission 12 forward, 12 reverse gearbox with 12 forward and 12 reverse speeds. u Lindner Lintrac First shown at the 2013 Agritechnica farm equipment exhibition in Date 2013 Origin Austria Germany, the key attribute of the Engine Perkins Lintrac was that both front and rear 4-cylinder diesel axles steered, to give a tighter turning Horsepower 102 hp circle and rear wheeltracks that Transmission CVT followed in the path of the fronts. u Valtra A63 The A series was Valtra’s entry- level line of tractors. Comprising Date 2012 Origin Finland ﬁve models from 50 hp to 101 hp, Engine AGCO Power the three smaller machines were 3-cylinder diesel available as compact or orchard Horsepower 68 hp versions, and in the latter format Transmission 12 forward, had a narrower and lower design 12 reverse to ease movement around trees. u Kubota M9960 l Steyr 4065S While higher-horsepower Steyr Kompakt tractors come from the marque’s Date 2014 Origin Japan traditional home in the Austrian Engine Kubota 4-cylinder diesel Date 2014 Origin Italy town of St Valentin, the brand’s Horsepower 100 hp Engine FPT 4-cylinder diesel smallest Kompakt S models – Transmission 36 forward, 36 reverse Horsepower 65 hp the 58-hp 4055S and 65-hp Transmission 12 forward, 4065S – are made in the former Slotting in below the 110–135-hp MGX tractors, the M9960 12 reverse Fiat plant in Ankara, Turkey. tops Kubota’s mid-range line, which spans four models from 60 hp to 100 hp. Until 2014 the ﬁrm built all of its own tractors in Japan, but in 2015 three new 130–170-hp models will be made at a new factory in France.

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212 . AFTER 2000 John Deere 6210R Designed to be highly versatile, the 6210R features numerous fuel and structural innovations aimed at reducing emissions and increasing fuel efﬁciency. With inﬁnitely variable DirectDrive transmission based on Formula 1 technology, the 6210R has a high power-to-weight ratio, allowing it to put more power to the ground. It is equally efﬁcient when transporting at high speeds, hauling heavy loads, or pulling large implements. MEETING MODERN emission standards is a key challenge facing Advanced technology today’s tractor engineers. The 6210R was John Deere’s answer to All 6R series models include a CESAR Datatag security system, balancing fuel efﬁciency with power and speed. A system of Intelligent and a unique immobilizer key to counter theft. The 6210R could Power Management was developed, carefully regulating the power and be equipped with satellite-guided AutoTrac automatic steering fuel used by the 210-hp engine. Extra fuel is burned only when necessary, and hydraulic cab suspension. increasing power by up to an additional 30 hp when operating demanding implements or when the tractor is travelling above 13 mph (21 km/h). In other situations fuelling is tightly controlled for maximum efﬁciency. SPECIFICATIONS Model John Deere 6210R Built 2011–14 Integrated Origin Germany front hitch and Production Not known heavy-duty Engine 210hp John Deere 6-cylinder front power turbocharged, intercooled diesel takeoff Transmission 20 forward, 20 reverse PowerQuad; 24 forward, 24 reverse THE DETAILS DirectDrive; or AutoPowr CVT 1. Fuel-efﬁcient, diesel-only Top speed 31 mph (50 km/h) engine 2. John Deere’s “leaping deer” logo on radiator 3. Triple Length 16 ft 6 in (5.05 m) link suspension on front axle Weight 7.3 tons (7.4 tonnes) provides extra traction and operator comfort 4. Versatile 1 lighting system 5. Full-colour, computer-control display offers optional touch screen and video capability 6. Tractor control console moves with the seat 2 3 45 6

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JOHN DEERE 6210R . 213 FRONT VIEW Radio aerial for in-cab Cab lights give sound system 360-degree illumination Warning beacon for use when on public roads REAR VIEW ComfortView cab has passenger seat and refrigerator CESAR Datatag system to protect against theft Rear tyres can be up to 6 ft 9 in (2.05 m) in diameter

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214 . AFTER 2000 Power and Precision As a rule, tractors over 100 hp tend to be used for ﬁeldwork operations, and are therefore designed with features such as powershift and continuously variable transmission (CVT), which eliminate any need for gear changing. In recent years a considerable level of computer- aided automation has been integrated into designs to help reduce the burden on the driver, increase productivity, and reduce fuel use, which is of both economic and environmental beneﬁt. GPS-guided auto-steering is also becoming increasingly common. u New Holland T8040 The T8000 tractors, like their TG forebears, shared a platform with the equivalent Case IH Magnum Date 2008 Origin USA models, but were distinct in design. They had a Engine FPT/Iveco 6-cylinder diesel different engine to transmission connection placing Horsepower 255 hp the latter below the former, rather than in line with it, Transmission 16 forward, 4 reverse powershift resulting in a higher yet shorter appearance. u Claas Atles 946RZ l Renault Ares 710RZ Date 2003 Origin France Date 1997 Origin France Engine Deutz 6-cylinder diesel Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 282 hp Horsepower 145 hp Transmission 18 forward, 18 reverse Transmission 32 forward, 32 reverse The high-horsepower Atles tractor range was launched Launched in the mid-1990s the Renault Ares in 2000 under the orange colours of Renault, before tractors were among the last of the French ﬁrm’s acquiring a new coat of green and red paint when clean sheet designs before it sold its tractor Claas purchased the French ﬁrm’s agriculture division to German harvesting specialist Claas. division. The range had a relatively short run under The new owners re-liveried and rebranded the its new parent, though, before being dropped and models, but continued with them for a time eventually replaced by the Axion 900 line. before upgrading and ultimately replacing them. l McCormick X7.460 Launched at the biennial Agritechnica farm machinery show in Hanover, Date 2013 Origin Italy Germany, in 2013, the McCormick X7 Engine FPT 6-cylinder diesel range marked a complete departure Horsepower 166 hp from ARGO’s former models in Transmission 24 forward, the 150–200-hp bracket. Among the 24 reverse innovations was a completely new cabin. r JCB Fastrac 8310 Date 2011 Origin UK Engine AGCO Power 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 306 hp Transmission CVT The ﬁrst JCB tractor to breach the 300-hp mark, the 8310 and its smaller 8280 brother followed on from the redesigned 8250 in adopting an unequal-wheeled design with smaller front wheels than the rears, in a departure from the original Fastrac format.

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215 d Case IH Puma Made at the CNH facility in the Austrian 230 CVX town of St Valentin, the 230 is the largest in the line of Puma tractors offered under Date 2013 Origin Austria/UK the colours of Case IH. In CVX format, Engine FPT 6-cylinder diesel ﬁtted with the CNH CVT, the tractors Horsepower 228 hp feature double-clutch technology to ensure Transmission CVT smooth changes between the gear ranges. u Massey Ferguson 7618 Date 2014 Origin France Engine AGCO Power 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 165 hp Transmission 24 forward, 24 reverse Built in AGCO’s Beauvais factory in France, a long-serving Massey Ferguson manufacturing plant, the 7618 is the second-smallest tractor in a line of six models that spans a rated power band from 140 hp to 240 hp. All are available with either a six-step powershift transmission or a stepless CVT. u John Deere 6210R Date 2012 Origin Germany Engine John Deere 6-cylinder Horsepower 210 hp Transmission AutoPowr CVT This was the largest tractor ever made at John Deere’s Mannheim factory in Germany, until it was superseded in 2014 by the 6215R. The 6210R was for some time the ﬂagship of Deere’s 6R range. It offered a high-horsepower package in a relatively low-weight tractor that could be ballasted up as required for heavy draft work. l Fendt 936 Vario Date 2012 Origin Germany Engine Deutz 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 360 hp Transmission CVT Fendt ﬁrst introduced a CVT in 1995 on its 926 tractor, which blended hydrostatic and mechanical power transfer to allow stepless travel without gear changes. It now equips all of its tractors as standard with its Vario CVT, including this 936.

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216 . AFTER 2000 SAME DA52 was the world’s ﬁrst diesel four-wheel-drive tractor in 1952 Great Manufacturers SAME Deutz-Fahr SAME Deutz-Fahr (SDF) was established in 1995 when the Italian SAME-Lamborghini-Hürlimann company purchased Deutz-Fahr from Klöcker-Humboldt-Deutz (KHD) in Germany. Today this multinational, multi-brand corporation is one of Europe’s foremost tractor and diesel engine manufacturers, with production facilities in Europe and Asia. THE ENDURING SUCCESS of SAME Eugenio Cassani set up to By this time Francesco had developed a system Deutz-Fahr can be attributed to the manufacture tractors in an empty of building tractor engines with ingenuity and creativity of one man: factory in Treviglio, Italy. Shortly after standardized components such as the Italian company’s founder, World War II, in 1948, SAME pistons, valves, and cylinder blocks. These Francesco Cassani. A gifted introduced the Trattorino parts could then be used universally in engineer and a brilliant Universale three-wheeled mini- different engine conﬁgurations, draughtsman, Francesco tractor. Utilitarian in design throughout entire ranges of SAME tractors. Cassani was a man with an and ungainly in appearance, In 1958 the company introduced extraordinary talent and this affordable and the Automatic Linkage Control Unit, which was designed according to the vision, who, with his versatile, 10 hp parafﬁn- same principles as the Ferguson system. Francesco both admired and brother Eugenio, powered tractor featured revered Harry Ferguson, considering the Irishman to be his only truly had spent 20 years a simple hydraulic lifting equal competitor. developing diesel mechanism and was the The death of Eugenio Cassani in 1959 was a tragic loss. Yet Francesco engines and designing Francesco Cassani ﬁrst in the world to offer continued to push the company Poster campaign tractors under his own (1906–1973) a reversible driver’s seat. forward, introducing the new An advert for Lamborghini tractors. The Centauro range and expanding into supercar manufacturer’s agricultural name before World War II, introducing Impressed by the ability of the US the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, division was purchased by SAME in 1973. Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the UK, the Cassani 40, the world’s ﬁrst jeeps he had seen during the war, and even into Africa by the late 1960s. manufacturing capacity. The takeover, ﬁnalized in 1973, was a success. diesel-powered tractor, in 1927. He Francesco became determined to In 1971 SAME acquired the tractor SAME continued to grow throughout division of the supercar manufacturer the 1970s, developing new tractor was just 20 years old at the time. design a four-wheel-drive tractor. Lamborghini, then owned by GEPI, ranges – including crawlers – using a state-owned ﬁnancial holding technologies that had been inherited The SDF story begins with the SAME accomplished this in 1952 company. Lamborghini had its own from Lamborghini. established dealer network, an establishment of the SAME (Società with the launch of the world’s ﬁrst existing product line, a reputable In 1979 the Swiss tractor name, and, importantly, spare manufacturer Hürlimann was Accomandita Motori Endotermici) diesel-powered, four-wheel-drive acquired, and the company name Engineering prodigy was ofﬁcially changed to SAME- company at the height of World tractor, the 25-hp twin-cylinder, Francesco Cassani was just 20 when he built Lamborghini-Hürlimann (SLH). the world’s ﬁrst diesel tractor, the Cassani 40 The Hürlimann factory near Zurich War II. In 1942 Francesco and air-cooled DA25. in 1927. The tractor’s engine had been designed had an unprecedented reputation for by Francesco and his brother Eugenio. quality, producing just a few hundred hand-assembled tractors each year. Its acquisition meant the SLH Group now had one of the widest and most comprehensive product ranges in the world market, with models spanning the 25-hp to 260-hp range. It also established the company as Italy’s second largest tractor manufacturer. A difﬁcult period of rationalization, spawned by the world recession in the early 1980s, was turned around by

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SAME DEUTZ-FAHR . 217 Cassani 1927 DA25 SameCar SA42T Deutz-Fahr Agro Extra 1864 Foundation of the ﬁrst engine 1952 Introduction of the SAME DA25 – the 1971 SAME begins taking over agricultural 1990 SLH provides axles and transmissions manufacturing company in the world, world’s ﬁrst diesel four-wheel-drive division of Lamborghini to Deutz-Fahr for the revised AgriStar known today as Deutz tractor MkII range 1973 Death of Francesco Cassani 1906 Birth of Francesco Cassani 1954 SAME France established in Albertville, 1975 New range of \"Q-cab\" tractors 1991 SLH supplies the newly formed AGCO 1927 Francesco Cassani introduces the France, to build four-wheel-drive tractors with tractors for the US market introduced including the Panther, Cassani 40, the world’s ﬁrst diesel 1956 Treviglio factory in Italy expanded to Leopard, and Buffalo models 1995 SLH purchases Deutz-Fahr. Deutz tractor, with his brother Eugenio 861,000 square ft (80,000 square m) 1979 SAME take over Hürlimann to form AgroTron range is launched 1942 Francesco and Eugenio Cassani SAME-Lamborghini-Hürlimann (SLH) establish SAME at Treviglio, Italy 1959 Death of Eugenio Cassani 1981 SLH tractor production peaks at 2005 SDF sets up a division in Croatia 1948 SAME Trattorino Universale mini- 1961 Introduction of the ill-fated 21,000 units for manufacture of combine tractor is introduced. Lamborghini 1983 SAME Explorer range introduced harvesters Trattori is founded multipurpose SameCar with a number of new innovations 1968 Fahr is purchased by Klöcker-Humboldt- 2011 SDF builds its one-millionth tractor – a Frutetto3 S 90.3 Hi-Steer model Deutz (KHD) to form Deutz-Fahr shareholder in KHD, had announced “ SAME ... was created not tothat it wished to relinquish its share of the company, leaving KHD with no make a proﬁt but to givechoice but to liquidate its poorly performing tractor and equipment Italy a prestigious industry.” manufacturing interests. SAME stepped in to add the respected FROM THE “SPIRITUAL WILL” OF FRANCESCO CASSANI German ﬁrm’s tractor division to its arsenal. The new company would be known as SAME Deutz-Fahr (SDF). underdeveloped Deutz AgroTron products in more than 140 countries. Deutz, whose ﬁrst tractor had range. Despite initial setbacks with In keeping with its strong heritage appeared in 1919, had joined KHD in Deutz tractor production, the of diesel engine design, SAME the 1930s. During the post-war period acquisition of Deutz-Fahr provided Deutz-Fahr launched its own new Deutz had ﬂourished, establishing SDF with the opportunity to establish FARMotion range of engines in a reputation as Germany’s leading itself in the combine harvester market. 2014. These Tier IVa ﬁnal, three- tractor producer. In 1968 the farm Today SDF has established and four- cylinder engines are equipment manufacturer Fahr was manufacturing facilities across Europe produced at the corporation’s purchased by KHD and the Deutz- and Asia, and its dealerships sell its production facility in India. Fahr name brand established. Agricultural engines The purchase of Deutz-Fahr was a SDF has recently launched its own range of diesel engines. Branded as FARMotion, colossal undertaking for SDF, and one they are speciﬁcally designed for tractors. that coincided with the launch of the the introduction of the groundbreaking Universal components SAME Explorer tractor range in 1983. Like other manufacturers producing multiple The new models featured a string tractor brands, SDF shares components of innovations including forced across its SAME, Deutz, Lamborghini, lubrication transmissions, front and Hürlimann ranges. SAME and rear power takeoff, and electro- tractors retain their traditional hydraulic controls while retaining the orange livery. traditional SAME air-cooled engines and four-wheel-drive system. SAME-Lamborghini-Hürlimann was back on track, heading for what would be its most important merger to date. In February 1995 SLH acquired the German manufacturer Deutz- Fahr, a subsidiary of the industrial conglomerate Klöcker-Humbolt-Deutz (KHD). Deutsche Bank, the principal

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218 . AFTER 2000 For Fruits and Vines Tree fruit and grape growers require specialist tractors that can travel between tree rows and vines set apart at the optimum distance for growth without damaging the tractors or the plants. This means machines designed for these environments are narrower and lower than normal. For many years standard tractors were converted for this work, but in recent decades manufacturers have begun to offer speciﬁc machines, many of which use technology as sophisticated as their larger, ﬁeld-focused counterparts. l Massey Ferguson 3350C u New Holland T4.105 This specially modiﬁed tractor originated in the CNH factory in Jesi, Italy. It has Date 2001 Origin Italy Date 2014 Origin Italy been adapted for tree work with a sleek, Engine Perkins 3-cylinder diesel Engine FPT 4-cylinder diesel low-proﬁle cab to reduce the likelihood Horsepower 93 hp Horsepower 105 hp of anything snagging on the tractor as Transmission 8 forward, 2 reverse Transmission 24 forward, it drives through wooded areas. The bars 24 reverse part low-hanging branches. Since its relationship with Landini ended, Massey Ferguson’s crawler range has been built for the company by SAME Deutz-Fahr at its Treviglio factory in Italy. Spanning the 50–100-hp sector, the line complements the ﬁrm’s extensive offering in vineyard, fruit, and specialist wheeled-tractors. u SAME Frutteto 3 80S Date 2014 Origin Italy Engine Same 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 82 hp Transmission 30 forward, 15 reverse One of Italy’s largest tractor producers, the SAME Deutz-Fahr group manufactures its own range of specialist fruit and vineyard tractors alongside its agricultural machines at its Treviglio factory in the north of the country. The Frutteto range is powered by SAME's own three-cylinder engines.  Fendt 211V Date 2010 Origin Germany Engine AGCO Power 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 110 hp Transmission Stepless CVT Fendt’s offerings in the vineyard and fruit sector are based on the 200 series tractors made in-house at its Marktoberdorf plant in Germany. A unique feature of these tractors is the ﬁtment of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) as standard.

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FOR FRUITS AND VINES . 219 l Ferrari Thor 85 TECHNOLOGY Date 2013 Origin Italy Working the Vineyards Engine Lombardini 3-cylinder diesel Horsepower 34 hp Among the typical tasks required of fruit and vineyard Transmission 6 forward, 3 reverse tractors are the pruning of tree branch growth, mowing the grass strips between tree rows, and application of The Italian surname Ferrari is a relatively common crop protection products to the plants with specialist one across the country, but there is sadly no sprayers, as shown in the photo below. With a known link between the tractor maker and the considerable proportion of its farmed land area down eponymous car ﬁrm. Ferrari specializes in to vineyards and orchards, Italy is also a high-volume producing small, sub-100-hp tractors with producer of tractors for special applications. equal-sized wheels and articulated steering. Landini Rex 110F Introduced in 2010 the 110F was the largest in Landini's range of Rex specialist tractors, with a 110-hp Perkins engine. r Claas Nexos 240 Date 2014 Origin France Engine FPT 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 90 hp Transmission 18 forward, 18 reverse Claas purchased the Renault tractor business after the French ﬁrm decided to focus on car and truck production. It inherited not only a full agricultural tractor line, but also a well-established fruit and vineyard product range, going on to develop this into the new Nexos line. d New Holland T3.55F Tracing their lineage back through u Case IH Quantum 75N to the Fiat fruit and vineyard ranges Date 2014 Origin Italy manufactured before the company Date 2012 Origin Italy Engine FPT 3-cylinder diesel merged its tractor interests with Engine FPT 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 55 hp that of Ford, the New Holland T3.F Horsepower 75 hp Transmission 16 forward, tractors are made in-house by Transmission 16 forward, 16 reverse 16 reverse parent company CNH. With Case IH and New Holland owned by the same parent company, its tractors are made using common platforms with different features and operator controls. Built alongside their New Holland cousins in Italy, these tractors are offered only in certain worldwide markets.

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220 . AFTER 2000 AGCO Challenger Rubber-belt technology arose as part of a NASA investigation into making unmanned moon rover vehicles more stable on the lunar surface. After early developmental problems, rubber belts have all but replaced steel tracks. AGCO’s Challenger combined reduced soil compaction with the high working speeds and mobility needed to move rapidly around today’s large farms. THE AGCO CHALLENGER series of rubber-belted tractors continued the Computerized control revolution that began with Caterpillar’s Challenger 65 in 1988. AGCO’s MT The MT865C was the largest and most powerful of the series can be considered the second generation of this type of tractor. The MT800 series. Powered by the Caterpillar C18 diesel large rear-drive wheels allowed more under-belly clearance, which, along engine coupled to a 16-speed, full power-shift with the readily adjustable track gauge, made the tractor eminently transmission and with complete computer control of suitable for rowcrop work. A range of different belts was available to suit all mechanical and ﬁeld functions, it represented the various conditions. These ranged in four sizes, from 18 in (45.7 cm) for agricultural tractor at its most highly developed. rowcrop work, to 36 in (91.4 cm) for low-ground-pressure applications. Challengers featured a highly sophisticated control system consisting of six Driver’s cab is fully onboard computer systems for engine and transmission management, rear suspended and hydraulic functions, the satellite navigation programme, tractor output environmentally data, and the maintenance and service periods. controlled FRONT VIEW Drive wheel with large diameter REAR Track rollers VIEW oscillate for smooth ride

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SPECIFICATIONS THE DETAILS 1 AGCO CHALLENGER . 221 3 Model AGCO Challenger MT865C 1. Detachable front weights 2 counterbalance the weight of Built c. 2009 raised, rear-mounted implements 4 2. Large-diameter, front idlers Origin USA reduce rolling resistance 3. Dry-type air-cleaner element Production Unknown ensures clean air is delivered to the engine at all times Engine 583 hp Caterpillar C16 6-cylinder, 4. Combined three-point hitch and turbocharged and aftercooled diesel swinging drawbar featuring Hillside Trim Mode 5. Driver’s eye Capacity 1,105 cu.in (18,100 cc) view of the tractor's steering controls and dashboard Transmission 16 forward, 4 reverse 6. Computer systems set-up keyboard Top speed 25 mph (40 km/h) Length 22 ft 6 in (6.85 m) Weight 18.8 tons (19.1 tonnes) 5 6 Bonnet tilts to allow easy maintainence Rubber belts reinforced with steel cable Detachable centreline weights

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222 . AFTER 2000 u Kirovets K745 The K series has been produced in large numbers over the years. The K745 was a robust and Ever Larger Machines Date 2002 Origin Russia reliable machine ﬁtted with autopilot satellite Engine Mercedes-Benz or Deutz V8 diesel navigation and two rear-facing cameras. Some of The latest generation of tractors reﬂects the ever-growing need for Horsepower 450 hp (Mercedes-Benz) to its production was exported, made possible more power to be made available in the hands of fewer operators. 495 hp (Deutz) by the use of Deutz and Mercedes engines, Tractors are ﬁtted with satellite navigation, full powershift transmissions, Transmission 12 forward, 2 reverse which met the required emission standards. and many have the latest Tier IVa diesel engines with reduced exhaust emissions that comply with latest government legislation. With these high-powered tractors and implements that can be more than 50 ft (15.2 m) wide, satellite navigation prevents any overlap or missed land during cultivation, which reduces the maximum output per horsepower, manpower, and fuel consumption. r AGRICO 4+250 Date 2003 Origin South Africa Engine Daimler-Chrysler S60 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 250 hp Transmission ZF 6 forward, 3 reverse This was the only machine designed and produced in South Africa. Starting in 1985, production continued with six models in the 125–400-hp range. The tractors featured front and rear three- point linkages, which, along with a low height proﬁle and articulated steering, gave them ﬂexibility within each of the horsepower ranges. u Case IH Stieger 535 Gold Fifty of this Stieger 535 were produced u AGCO Challenger MT965C In 2008 the MT900 series won some Signature Edition for the 50th anniversary of the ﬁrst prestigious awards for innovation Stieger tractor. This machine was Date 2013 Origin USA in design. With a fuel capacity of Date 2007 Origin USA factory-ﬁtted with the latest auto- Engine Caterpillar C18 6-cylinder diesel 325 gallons (1,477 l), the MT965C is Engine Cummins QSX15 6-cylinder diesel guidance system and was fully compliant Horsepower 510 hp equipped for long hours of operation Horsepower 535 hp with the newest emission regulations Transmission 16 forward, 4 reverse in the ﬁeld without refuelling. Transmission 16 forward, 2 reverse full powershift along with the use of bio-diesel. Rubber Tracks l AGCO Challenger MT865C The choice of tracks or four-wheel drive is Date 2009 Origin USA largely dependent on the type of soil, climate, Engine Caterpillar C16 6-cylinder and terrain in which the tractor is to be turbo-charged and after-cooled diesel operated. The rubber-tracked machines have Horsepower 583 hp developed into two speciﬁc types: the full- Transmission 16 forward, 4 reverse tracked machine that is steered by its tracks, full powershift and the articulated type with four separate track assemblies. The latter is basically an The MT865C succeeded the MT865B adaptation of the articulated, four-wheel- with only a very slight modiﬁcation. It drive tractor with the wheel and tracked had full electronic control for the versions sharing the same mechanical parts. rear linkage and incorporated satellite navigation. It had a road speed of 25 mph (40 km/h), while giving a very low noise level in the driver’s cab.

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EVER LARGER MACHINES . 223 d New Holland T9.560 The T9.560 is a large tractor, equipped with a 24-volt starting system. The Date 2014 Origin USA Engine Power Management (EPM) Engine New Holland FPT Cursor system continuously adjusts engine 6-cylinder diesel output to match the working conditions Horsepower 507 hp and automatically accounts for changes Transmission 16 forward, in power demand from the hydraulic, 2 reverse with transport mode power takeoff, and transport modes.  John Deere 9560R Date 2014 Origin USA Engine John Deere PowerTech 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 560 hp Transmission 18 forward, 6 reverse The 9560R is equipped with a full powershift transmission controlled by John Deere’s Efﬁciency Manager system. With a maximum road speed of 26 mph (42 km/h) and a 20,000-lb (9,072-kg) rear lift capacity, it is capable of massive output. u John Deere 8360RT This track tractor had two transmission  Versatile Deltatrack 450DT Date 2011 Origin USA options: AutoPowr/IVT (Inﬁnitely Variable Date 2014 Origin Canada Engine Cummins QSX15 Engine John Deere PowerTech 6-cylinder diesel Transmission), which offered variable 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 500 hp Horsepower 360 hp speeds from 164 ftph (50 m/h), up to Transmission Caterpillar TA22 26 mph (42 km/h); Automatic PowerShift 16 forward, 4 reverse, fully Transmission John Deere AutoPowr/IVT programmable autoshift had on-the-go gear-shifting with shuttle forward and reverse A sophisticated piece of machinery, change between forward and reverse. the Deltatrack has positive-drive rubber tracks, which eliminate friction in the track components. Steering is accomplished by bending the tractor about a central pivot point. It has a road speed of 22 mph (35 km/h).

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Preparing for the Coldest Journey Antarctica had never been crossed in winter, but in March 2013, tractor modiﬁed to operate in the extreme cold on snow and ice in temperatures that could fall as low as -130˚F (-90˚C) and by the Caterpillar dealer Finning. The expedition took six near 24 hours of total darkness, a team of ﬁve experienced months and covered more than 2,000 miles (3,219 km): explorers attempted to do just that. One hundred years after including rest days and bad weather the team was on the ice for the death of Captain Scott, the team set out from Crown Bay just over 270 days, averaging 22 miles (35 km) a day. A two-man to travel via the South Pole, to Scott’s base at McMurdo Sound. ski-unit travelled ahead of the Mobile Vehicle Landtrain (MVL) pulling a small toboggan, or pulk, ﬁtted with ground-penetrating EQUIPPED FOR THE CONDITIONS radar that transmitted information back to the D6Ns about the terrain and, most importantly, the presence of any crevasses. The team wore heated clothes and had two specially heated cabooses, one to eat and sleep in and the other for their The second of the expedition’s two modiﬁed Caterpillar D6Ns is off-loaded equipment and workshop facilities. Each caboose along with from the polar research and supply ship SA Agulhas at Crown Bay, Antartica. store and fuel sledges was towed by a Caterpillar D6N crawler

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226 . AFTER 2000 Power for Other Purposes Since the development of the earliest models, tractors have found many other uses outside agriculture, from mowing of parkland and sports turf to the maintenance of roads, and from the extraction of timber to dedicated road haulage. As more and more tasks beyond farming were developed for tractors, many mainstream makers developed dedicated models, while other specialist ﬁrms combined the features of tractors and utility vehicles. r Fendt 936 Vario Municipal u Massey Ferguson From the maker’s Beauvais factory in 6455 Municipal France, the municipal versions of Massey Date 2008 Origin Germany Ferguson’s 6400 series tractors are Engine Deutz 6-cylinder diesel Date 2007 Origin France available with a number of features to aid Horsepower 360 hp Engine AGCO Power 4-cylinder diesel visibility, including a drop-nose bonnet and Transmission Stepless CVT Horsepower 105 hp a single-piece, right-hand window for an Transmission 24 forward, 24 reverse unimpeded view of a hedgecutter head. Even the largest agricultural tractors ﬁnd uses in other environments. For many years the ﬂagship in its line-up, Fendt’s 360-hp 936 tractor has been equipped with the ﬁrm’s Vario continuously variable transmission (CVT), ﬁrst made available on the 926 model in 1995. r Deutz-Fahr Agrotron K410 Date 2008 Origin Germany Engine Deutz 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 100 hp Transmission 24 forward, 8 reverse Built in its Lauingen factory in southern Germany, the “Kommunal” version of Deutz-Fahr’s Agrotron K410 tractor is outwardly very similar to its agricultural cousin, but the usual lime-green body panels are exchanged for highway orange livery. Models destined primarily for on-road use are often ﬁtted with special-pattern tyres. u Trackless MT6 This forward-control, articulated tractor’s engine is mounted at a Date 2010 Origin USA conventional level directly behind Engine Cummins the operator’s cab. With nothing 4-cylinder diesel to impede forward vision, the Horsepower 115 hp MT6 is well-suited to work with Transmission Hydrostatic front-mounted implements. r Reform Metrac H7X Date 2012 Origin Austria Engine VMA 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 70 hp Transmission Hydrostatic Vehicles with equal wheels, a low centre of gravity, and linkage/power takeoff/hydraulic outlet packages front and rear, such as this Reform Metrac, are popular in Austria, Switzerland, and other mountainous farming areas of Europe. Their low proﬁles make for much safer working on slopes, where conventional tractors are at risk from overturning.

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POWER FOR OTHER PURPOSES . 227 u Holder Sommer S990 German manufacturer Holder has long focused on building u Holder C270 Holder makes a number of specialist tractors, ranging from small- to mid-horsepower machines aimed at highway use Date 2012 Origin Germany machines with articulated steering, to municipally Date 2013 Origin Germany with forward-control operator Engine Deutz 4-cylinder diesel targeted vehicles with forward-mounted cabs, such as this Engine Kubota 3-cylinder diesel stations articulated just behind the Horsepower 92 hp S990. Implements can be mounted on front and rear Horsepower 67 hp cab. Brush operations like the one Transmission Hydrostatic linkages – both with power takeoffs – and a load platform. Transmission Hydrostatic seen here are a key application. u John Deere 4049R Compact tractors have many uses, from work on small farms to the Date 2014 Origin USA maintenance of grass at sporting Engine Yanmar 4-cylinder venues. Built at John Deere’s US diesel compact tractor factory, this machine Horsepower 49 hp is equipped for the latter duties, with Transmission Hydrostatic turf tyres to minimize tread damage. l Steyr Profi 4130 CVT Alongside Fendt, Austrian ﬁrm Steyr was a pioneer in the adoption of continuously Date 2014 Origin Austria variable transmissions (CVT) for tractors, Engine FPT 4-cylinder ﬁrst offering them in the mid-1990s. Cab diesel protection packages, such as this one, make Horsepower 130 hp for easier driving and reduce the risk of Transmission Stepless CVT damage when carrying out forestry work.

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Economic and Social Progress Tractor power reduces the workload for people and draft animals, Tractor power also releases people for other jobs. Highly a process that is even now at an early stage in some countries. mechanized farming employs under two per cent of the working A two-horse team will plough 1 acre (0.4 hectare) per day, population, but countries that rely mainly on manual labour but a 175-hp tractor can plough 2–3 acres (0.8–1.2 hectares) in and animal power may have 25 per cent or more working the an hour. In addition, a farmer needs about 3 acres (1.2 hectares) land. Demand for food continues to grow and, although many just to feed one working horse for a year, which reduces the countries do use tractors, mechanization will need to play an farm’s cash-crop production. even greater part in the future to meet the world’s needs. Tractor ranges are also being built on platforms that allow them CHANGING FACE OF FARMING to be tailored to serve needs of farms of all types. In 1918 there were 26 million horses and mules working on Steel cage rear wheels provide the extra grip to keep this Mahindra 475-DI North American farms, but there were fewer than eight million working in the mud as it prepares ﬂooded land for a rice crop in India. by 1950, providing large areas of land for additional cropping.

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230 . AFTER 2000 l TYM 1003 World Farming Date 2014 Origin South Korea Engine Perkins 4-cylinder diesel Some of the world’s most popular tractor producers and Horsepower 100 hp bestselling models are not necessarily well-recognized in Transmission 32 forward, 32 reverse Western Europe. The biggest tractor markets include those of India, China, Russia, and the largest countries of South Based in the South Korean capital, Seoul, America, and it is in these regions, as well as in Southern Tong Yang Moolsan (TYM) manufactures and Eastern Europe and Africa, that makers focus on huge tractors, rice-focused combine harvesters, and volumes of simple, straightforward machines. These include rice transplanters. Its tractor line focuses on not just full-scale ﬁeldwork tractors, but also many smaller, the sub-100-hp sector, and the range-topping specialist machines for speciﬁc tasks and basic applications. 1003 is a version of the 903 understudy. d Solis 20 Solis is the international brand name of Indian manufacturer Sonalika. It produces a range of Date 2014 Origin India tractors spanning the 20–90-hp power band, Engine Mitsubishi 3-cylinder diesel with the Solis 20 being its smallest machine. Horsepower 20 hp It is powered by a Mitsubishi engine driving Transmission 6 forward, 2 reverse through a constant mesh gearbox. u Mahindra 6030 turbo One of the world’s largest tractor makers, India’s Mahindra tractor manufacturing Date 2012 Origin India business is part of the Mahindra and Mahindra Engine Mahindra 4-cylinder diesel industrial engineering conglomerate. It Horsepower 59 hp estimates sales of around 85,000 tractors Transmission 8 forward, each year, and is the leader in its domestic 8 reverse market, claimed to be the largest in the world. l Valtra BT190 Date 2014 Origin Brazil Engine AGCO Power 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 190 hp Transmission 24 forward, 24 reverse powershift Produced in the Valtra plant at Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil, the BT machines are sold primarily in their South American home market, and are designed with a focus on transport and high-speed cultivation applications. The BT190 is part of a four-model range that spans the 150–210-hp power bracket. u ArmaTrac 804e r YTO 180 Date 2014 Origin Turkey Date 2013 Origin China Engine Perkins 4-cylinder diesel Engine TY295IT 2-cylinder diesel Horsepower 76 hp Horsepower 18 hp Transmission 16 forward, 8 reverse Transmission 16 forward, 4 reverse Established in 1953 the Turkish ﬁrm Chinese ﬁrm YTO is one of the Erkunt Industries began building country’s largest producers of wheeled tractors as recently as 2003. It markets and crawler tractors, manufacturing its machines under the Armatrac models of up to 180 hp. Based in brand, and offers an agricultural range Luoyang, Henan province, it also from 50 hp to 110 hp. Key components produces a number of small combine come from long-established suppliers harvesters, and a wide range of such as Perkins and ZF. grassland and tillage implements.

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d Kubota L3200 The smallest model in the three-strong line, 231 Kubota’s L3200 sits squarely in the middle of Date 2014 Origin Japan compact tractor territory. As an alternative u Felderman Mini 16 Engine Kubota 3-cylinder diesel to the standard gearbox, like many compact Horsepower 32 hp machines, it can be had with a hydrostatic Date 2014 Origin Czech Republic Transmission 8 forward, 4 reverse transmission, allowing single-pedal driving Engine Lombardini 2-cylinder diesel or hydrostatic without any need for changing gear. Horsepower 16 hp Transmission Hydrostatic Typical of the type of pivot-steer tractors with equal-sized wheels made by a number of Italian makers, the Felderman Mini 16 is in fact built in the Czech Republic. Advantages of this type of steering arrangement, where the machine articulates between the two axles, include better manoeuvrability in conﬁned spaces. d Belarus 3522.5 This is the largest tractor produced to date at the Minsk Tractor Works in the Republic Date 2012 Origin Belarus of Belarus. The main market for the 3522.5 Engine Deutz 6-cylinder diesel is in Russia and the Commonwealth of Horsepower 355 hp Independent States (CIS) countries. It has a Transmission 36 forward, 10-tons (10.1-tonnes) rear lift capacity with 24 reverse powershift electronic hitch control.

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232 . AFTER 2000 The barn where Great Manufacturers New Holland was established New Holland The story of the New Holland tractor’s development is entwined with the lives of inventors, pioneers, and manufacturing icons. Today, New Holland is part of the Italian multinational holding company, CNH Global NV, a worldwide manufacturer of agricultural and construction equipment, with representation in 170 countries. THE NEW HOLLAND MACHINE During World War II Sperry COMPANY was founded in 1895 by a developed bomb sights, airborne young Mennonite blacksmith called radar, and the infamous ball turret Abram Zimmerman in a barn in New gun used on the Boeing B-17 Flying Holland, Pennsylvania, US. Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Zimmerman’s earliest Liberator bombers. claim to fame was his Sperry’s purchase design for a “frost- of The New Holland proof” stationary Machine Company engine that, with its New Holland’s current logo coincided with a unusual bowl-shaped was introduced in 2008. major breakthrough water-jacket, resisted in fodder harvesting freezing in the harsh North American technology: the launch of the New winters. Zimmerman also Holland Haybine mower-conditioner. manufactured mills for grinding animal Looking to expand, the company, feed and wood saws that were now known as Sperry New Holland, powered by his engines. acquired a controlling interest in In 1947 the ﬂourishing New Claeys, a Belgian farm machinery Full production line establishment of the Ford Iveco Truck Located at Basildon, Essex, the British CNH in 1986 but the Fiat merger signiﬁed Holland Machine Company was ﬁrm in 1964. tractor manufacturing facility was built by Ford the ﬁnal chapter in Ford’s association to produce its 6X tractors. Today, the factory with tractors. New Holland Geotech, purchased by the Sperry Corporation Claeys had built its reputation produces the New Holland T6 and T7 in addition as it was then known, gradually to Case IH Maxxum and Puma models. pooled its international resources, – later Sperry Rand. The Sperry family manufacturing threshing machines rationalizing the components and The 1980s were volatile years, forcing suppliers used to build its tractors. established their name manufacturing at its factory in Zedelgum, Belgium, the restructuring and merger of many In Europe this included the British- major manufacturing corporations. built Ford 40 series and the Italian navigation equipment and bomb and at the time of the Sperry New In 1986 Ford purchased Sperry Fiat Winner ranges. New Holland and formed Ford New sights during World War I, and formed Holland merger the company was one Holland. At the time, Ford was the In November 1995 the name UK’s leading tractor manufacturer. New Holland replaced Ford on the the Sperry Corporation in 1933. of Europe’s largest combine harvester 40 series tractors built in Basildon, In 1991 Fiat, the largest tractor UK, to coincide with the launch of manufacturers. With the Belgian manufacturer in Europe, purchased the forthcoming New Holland tractor an 80 per cent stake in Ford New ranges. At the same time the North Harvesting machinery company on board, Sperry New Holland. Ford and Fiat had previously American 70 series adopted the Sperry New Holland purchased the Belgian Holland was in a position to introduce collaborated successfully with the combine harvester manufacturer Claeys in the world’s ﬁrst twin-rotor combine, 1964. Today, Case New Holland is a world the New Holland TR, in 1975. leader in grain harvesting technology. There are over 1.2 miles (2km) of assembly lines at the New Holland plant in Basildon, UK.

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NEW HOLLAND . 233 8970 TS110 T8040 T9 1895 Abe Zimmerman opens his blacksmith 1964 Sperry New Holland purchases Claeys, 1995 Existing Ford and Fiat tractor ranges 2009 New Holland’s experimental NH2 shop in New Holland, Pennsylvania, the Belgian combine harvester are re-badged as New Holland tractors hydrogen tractor is unveiled USA manufacturer 1996 New Holland launches new M/60 and 2011 Introduction of SCR technology 1900 Zimmerman designs his stationary 1974 Sperry New Holland introduces the L/35 series tractors in Orlando, Florida to meet 2014’s Tier IVa emission world’s ﬁrst twin-rotor combine requirements “frost-proof” engine 1997 New Holland launches TS tractor range 1903 New Holland Machine Co. is founded 1986 Ford buys Sperry New Holland and 1999 New Holland and Case Corporation 2013 A prototype T6.140 methane-powered 1906 Leon Claeys establishes his threshing forms Ford New Holland tractor unveiled at Agritechnica, merge to establish Case New Holland Hanover, Germany machine business in Belgium 1991 Fiat buys Ford New Holland and (CNH). New Holland introduces the 1933 Sperry Corp. is founded establishes New Holland Geotech Basildon-built TM series 2014 New Holland’s Basildon plant 1947 Merger of New Holland and Sperry 2007 Announcement that all New Holland celebrates 50 years of continuous 1992 End of production at the New Holland tractors will support 100 per cent tractor production with limited edition Corp. and introduction of New Holland Machine Co. building in New Holland, biodiesel fuel Golden Jubilee tractors Haybinder Pennsylvania New Holland moniker, and terracotta- Later in 1996 New Holland NV Limited edition company was also one of the ﬁrst painted Fiat tractors were re-badged was listed on the New York Stock To commemorate 50 years of tractor manufacturers to adopt FPT in the company’s blue livery. Exchange. By 1998 it had sold more tractor production at Basildon Iveco engines with selective catalytic tractors in Europe than any other in the UK since 1964, New reduction (SCR) technology. SCR relies In the January of 1996 New manufacturer. Meanwhle, in 1997 Holland produced limited on urea-based diesel exhaust ﬂuid to Holland launched its all-new M/60 Fiat had acquired Case IH and merged edition Golden Jubilee reduce the amount of harmful gases series in Orlando, Florida, US. all its agricultural divisions together versions of its T6.160 like NOx in diesel exhaust fumes. The new range, constructed in to form Case New Holland (CNH). and T7.270 tractors. Basildon, incorporated four models, As part of the deal, New Holland The machines have spanning 100-140 hp and featuring a divested its interests in the Versatile a unique metallic combination of technologies from the tractor factory, which was sold to “Profondo Blue” 40 series and 70 series, and the Fiat Buhler Industries Inc. livery, accentuated Winner ranges. Also launched was with gold detailing the L/35 series, a ﬁve-model range Today, although marketed and on the grilles and built in Italy, based on the Fiat 9 identiﬁed as separate brands, British- exhaust guard. series. The largest tractors in this built New Holland and Austrian-built latest New Holland line-up were Case IH tractors share many of the In response to the imminent arrival of produced at the Versatile factory in same components and technologies, Tier IVa emission regulations, CNH Winnipeg, Canada. Based on the supplied by CNH factories around the reformed its tractor range in 2006 to articulated Versatile 82 series and world. New Holland tractors are also provide full compatibility with powered by Cummins engines, the produced in Brazil, China, and India. low-sulphur biodiesel fuels. The range offered outputs from 260 hp to 425 hp. Canadian constuction The New Holland 70 series tractors were manufactured in Winnipeg, Canada from 1993 to 2002. The range was the ﬁrst to feature New Holland’s Super-Steer front axle.

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234 . AFTER 2000 Out of the Ordinary Specialist tractors for speciﬁc operations, high-acreage farms, and particular types of enterprise had traditionally been the preserve of smaller ﬁrms. By the early 21st century, though, the major makers were moving into this territory, some using international agricultural shows to unveil prototypes, and others fully launching and commercially producing such machines. Getting power to the ground more efﬁciently, reducing the impact of machines’ weight on the soil, and the search for new fuel sources are key drivers behind development. l Multidrive Sixtrac u New Holland T6050 Equal-wheel, four-wheel-drive tractors fell Hi-Crop from favour in the UK following their 1970s’ Date 2013 Origin UK heyday. But US farmers in particular Engine John Deere 6-cylinder diesel Date 2012 Origin UK continued to value the ground clearance Horsepower 240 hp Engine New Holland 6-cylinder diesel and traction attributes of designs, such as Transmission 18 forward, Horsepower 100 hp this New Holland T6050, for working in 6 reverse powershift Transmission 16 forward, 8 reverse arduous or tall-crop conditions. The UK’s Gloucestershire-based Multidrive, part of US ﬁrm Alamo, offers both four- and six-wheeled variants of its load-carrying tractors, designed to accommodate sprayers and fertilizer and lime spreader bodies to create self-contained, self-propelled units. The three-axle variant was built speciﬁcally for the broad-acre farms of Australia. l JCB Fastrac 4220 u Fendt Trisix Vario Date 2014 Origin UK Date 2011 Origin Germany Engine AGCO Power 6-cylinder diesel Engine MAN 6-cylinder diesel Horsepower 220 hp Horsepower 540 hp Transmission Stepless CVT Transmission Stepless CVT Unveiled as the High-Mobility Vehicle when A surprise showing at the 2007 Agritechnica ﬁrst shown in 1990, JCB renamed its ﬁrst farm equipment show in Germany, this concept tractor the Fastrac, when launched fully the tractor was designed to combine the beneﬁts following year. By the mid-90s there were of wheeled- and tracked-tractors. Both front two ranges, with a new smaller, four-wheel and rear axles steered, and the machine was steer version added. In 2014, this was heavily capable of 37 mph (60 km/h) on the road. redesigned, becoming the new 4000 series. New Concepts l Case IH Magnum 380 CVX Rowtrac Tractor manufacturers are continuously seeking new ways around the challenges facing modern Date 2014 Origin USA agriculture. From cleaner fuels to alternative Engine FPT 6-cylinder diesel drive systems that lessen the impact of tractors’ Horsepower 380 hp weight on the soil, the design of many new Transmission CVT features is driven by environmental and economic demands. Research also extends to Eighteen years after launching its looking at the differing needs of farmers around Quadtrac, rubber-tracked articulated the world, resulting in tractor ranges built on tractor, Case IH introduced a tracked a platform that allows them to be tailored to machine further down its power line, serve the common needs of farms of all types. with the unveiling of the 340-hp and 380-hp Magnum Rowtrac 340 and 380. The machines, which mirrored the standard Magnum models, retained a conventional front axle arrangement for steering.

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235 u Claas Xerion 3800 l Kubota Mudder M96s Date 2010 Origin Germany Date 2013 Origin Japan Engine Caterpillar 6-cylinder diesel Engine Kubota 4-cylinder diesel Horsepower 380 hp Horsepower 95 hp Transmission Stepless CVT Transmission 8 forward, 4 reverse Claas committed fully to the tractor market in While tractors with equal-sized wheels 2003, purchasing Renault Agriculture, but had largely fell from favour in the UK, there been working on a high-horsepower tractor remained a strong demand in countries of its own for the previous decade and a half. such as the US for what North American A 250-hp Xerion was unveiled in 1993, later farmers call “mudder” tractors, particularly spawning versions with more than double for use in vegetable-growing operations. that amount of power. l Massey Ferguson 4708 u New Holland T6.140 After researching the potential for Methane Power hydrogen-powered tractors, New Holland Date 2014 switched its focus to the practicalities of Origin China/India/Brazil/Turkey Date 2013 Origin UK methane as an alternative power source. Engine AGCO Power 4-cylinder diesel Engine FPT 4-cylinder methane It showed this methane-powered T6.140 Horsepower 82 hp Horsepower 135 hp tractor at the Agritechnica exhibition Transmission 8 forward, 8 reverse Transmission Stepless CVT in Germany in 2013. In 2014 AGCO’s Massey Ferguson brand announced two new tractor ranges designed to be built globally to meet the needs of farmers around the world. The 2700 and 4700 series machines are simple mechanical tractors made in factories in China, India, Brazil, and Turkey.

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236 . AFTER 2000 Great Manufacturers Valtra has been AGCO manufacturing tractors in Brazil since 1960 Established in 1990 AGCO – an acronym for Allis Gleaner Company – is the world’s largest multi-brand tractor and agricultural equipment manufacturing conglomerate, incorporating four core brands: Massey Ferguson, Fendt, Valtra, and Challenger. Today, with factories around the globe, AGCO is represented by dealers in more than 140 countries. AGCO’S ORIGINS BEGIN with a manufactured the Deutz-powered entire ranges of farming equipment. In 1997 AGCO purchased Fendt However, tractors always remained GmbH, the well-established German tenuous link to the fall of the Berlin 9100 series at its factory in Ohio the most important part of AGCO’s manufacturer with a reputation for growth strategy. cutting-edge engineering technology. Wall and a series of corporate since 1989. Fendt was instantly recognized as one In 1993 the rights to distribute of AGCO’s premium assets and under realignments that attempted to take After its foundation AGCO Massey Ferguson products in the US the conglomerate’s management the were acquired, adding another 1,100 high-tech brand has developed advantage of dawning prospects continued to market the 9100 dealerships to the corporation’s extensively. The Vario tractor series crossover network. In June 1994 has been extended and improved, and in Eastern Europe. The story Series, changing the paint AGCO completed its purchase of new combine and forage harvesters Massey Ferguson, took control of the have been added to the product line. began when the West German scheme from Deutz green to company in its entirety, and secured The purchase of Fendt allowed AGCO its own position as a global to utilize the German manufacturer’s engineering ﬁrm Klöckner- Allis-Chalmers orange and corporation. At the time, Massey pioneering technologies, such as the Ferguson had a signiﬁcant share of Vario Inﬁnitely Variable Transmission Humboldt-Deutz AG re-branding the tractors as the sub-100-hp global market and (IVT), ﬁrst employed in the Fendt tractors made up 85 per cent of its Vario 900 series. IVT allows for (KHD) resolved to sell AGCO-Allis models. total sales. Further AGCO acquisitions extremely accurate speed changes and included McConnell Tractors – later to its interests in its North Simultaneously, a deal become AGCOSTAR – and South American subsidiary America’s leading brand, Deutz AGCO’s corporate slogan is Argentina SA, which ironically had been liquidated by KHD when it sold “Your Agricultural Company”. was established with the Deutz-Allis. company Deutz-Allis. The Italian company, SAME- Transmission innovators Fendt were pioneers of IVT, ﬁrm had sustained consistent Lamborghini-Hürlimann, to sell its introduced in 1995’s 926 Vario tractor. Today, it is available in ﬁnancial losses for KHD since air-cooled tractors under the AGCO- tractors ranging from 70-hp to the 500-hp 1050 Vario of 2015. its establishment in 1985 so US Allis brand name, thereby replacing Deutz-Allis executives were the KHD Deutz line-up. approached by KHD in 1988 to The AGCO quest for expansion was discuss a buy-out that would leave achieved through a constant stream the company solely in US hands. of acquisitions, starting with the 1991 A deal was agreed and on 20 June purchase of the White Farm Equipment 1990 AGCO was ofﬁcially founded tractor assembly works. In the same by four former executives of the year AGCO also purchased the Hesston Deutz-Allis Corporation, namely: Corporation and 50 per cent of Hay & Robert Ratcliff, John Schumejda, Forage Industries in a deal with Case Edward Swingle, and Jim Seaver. IH. The expansion continued apace as, Prior to the establishment of in 1992, AGCO released one-half of its AGCO, Deutz-Allis had marketed stock for purchase on the NASDAQ German-built Deutz tractors capable stock exchange in New York. of producing 40–150 hp alongside A key factor in AGCO’s initial US-built Allis-Chalmers Gleaner success was its ﬂexibility. The combine harvesters. Larger tractors conglomorate allowed its dealers with ratings up to 200 hp were to become multi-brand outlets, produced under contract by White providing customers not only with Farm Equipment, which had a wide choice of tractors, but also AGCO products are sold by over 3,100 independent dealerships around the world.

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AGCO . 237 8775 AGCO-Allis White 6144 Challenger MT 865C Fendt 936 1938 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG (KHD) 1992 AGCO is listed on the NASDAQ stock 1998 AGCO starts a joint venture with 2004 AGCO acquires Finnish manufacturer formed after a restructuring of German exchange Deutz AG to manufacture engines Valtra, and its Sisu engine plant mechanical engineering ﬁrms in Argentina 1993 North American distribution rights for 2007 50 per cent of Italy’s leading harvester 1985 KHD establishes the Deutz-Allis Corp. Massey Ferguson tractors acquired 2000 Self-propelled agricultural equipment manufacturer Laverda SpA. acquired manufacturer AG-Chem Equipment Co. in North America 1994 Acquisition of Massey Ferguson acquired 2009 AGCO announces plans to open two 1988 Negotiations begin to transfer completed manufacturing sites in China McConnell Tractors purchased 2001 AGCO purchases manufacturing rights Deutz-Allis from German to US to the CAT Challenger range 2010 Sparex Holdings, the tractor accessory ownership 1995 AGCO buys the assets of Tye Co., the and replacement parts distributor, is 1990 AGCO established by four former implement and tillage equipment 2002 Massey Ferguson factory at Banner acquired by AGCO senior executives of Deutz-Allis manufacturers Lane, Coverntry, UK closed by AGCO, Remainder of Laverda purchased 1991 Acquisition of White tractor assembly tractor production is transferred to works in Ohio and the Hesston company 1996 Deutz Argentina bought from KHD Beauvais, France 2012 AGCO establishes the Algerian Tractor 1997 Fendt GmbH purchased Co., retaining a 49 per cent share Tracked technology The Nordic tractor and engine The 2001 acquisition of CAT Challenger enabled manufacturer Valtra, formerly Valmet, AGCO to compete in the high-horsepower, joined AGCO in 2004. The deal rubber-tracked sector. Challenger is AGCO’s included the acquisition of SISU- most successful brand in North America. Diesel, the off-road engine supplier whose engines are currently used in the technology has now been numerous AGCO-branded products. developed for use in the The ﬁrst Valmet tractor, the 15-hp conglomerate’s other tractor brands. 15A was built in 1951. The Valtra name was introduced in 1970 when AGCO secured the manufacturing Valmet needed a separate brand rights to Caterpillar’s rubber-tracked identity for its implement range of CAT Challenger range in 2001. The timber cranes, front-loaders and agreement enabled AGCO to compete backhoes. The ﬁrst tractors to carry directly with its competitors in the the Valtra name appeared in 1997. high-horsepower market sector and provided the additional beneﬁt of The AGCO story continues into the giving AGCO access to the CAT Mobil- future, with a consistent ﬂow of new Trac system, which had been acquisitions and the integration of pioneered by Caterpillar in 1986. new technologies throughout its AGCO also expanded into self- expanding worldwide range of propelled implements with the agricultural products. purchase of the AG-Chem Equipment company, the manufacturer of the Full-line equipment manufacturer RoGator and TerraGator sprayers Massey Ferguson is AGCO’s largest key-brand and applicators. with the widest range of products. Besides tractors, the company produces balers, In 2002 AGCO’s bid to buy Renault harvesting, and landscaping equipment. Agriculture, owned by the famous French car manufacturer, was boycotted by French labour unions. The Renault tractor division was instead acquired by the German harvester manufacturer Claas. But Claas and AGCO soon found themselves partners when the former inherited Renault’s share of the GIMA transmission factory in Beauvais, France. Renault had established the factory as a joint venture with Massey Ferguson in 1994. In December 2002 AGCO ended production at the Massey Ferguson factory at Banner Lane in Coventry, UK after 56 years of operation. Tractor manufacture was transferred to the business’ facility at Beauvais.

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Robots Ready to Take Over Automation is already well established in the farming industry: robots stack packs of potatoes, and on many dairy farms cows are milked automatically. Technology for automating at least some tractor work has been available for many years. Experiments with driverless tractors date back to 1956 when a UK research team demonstrated a system that allowed a tractor to follow electrical signals carried in a network of buried cables. Research has continued with technologies such as radio control and, more recently, GPS signals from space satellites. DO TRACTORS NEED DRIVERS? Many of the leading manufacturers have demonstrated driverless tractors that can carry out a range of routine tasks, but the response from farmers has been cautious. There are concerns about reliability and safety, and the legal position over insurance cover and road use are uncertain. While driverless tractors are not featuring on farmers’ shopping lists, some of the robot technology is helping drivers to improve output and efﬁciency. An example is GPS-linked guidance, which can steer a straighter line than the most experienced ploughman. The complex steering manoeuvres needed to cultivate between the olive trees in this plantation in Spain would be difﬁcult to automate.

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HOW TRACTORS WORK TRACTOR TECHNOLOGY

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242 . HOW TRACTORS WORK Tractor Engines One of the biggest problems in the early years of tractor to the temperature required for parafﬁn ignition. Despite development was engine unreliability. The primitive fuel and producing less power per litre, the low cost of parafﬁn made it a ignition systems designed in the ﬁrst 20 to 30 years of the popular choice among farmers. Petrol and parafﬁn engines grew tractor’s history meant that engines were difﬁcult to start. ever more reliable throughout the 1920s and 1930s, until easy- Hold-ups in the ﬁeld were a regular occurrence and skilled starting diesels, ﬁrst ﬁtted to tractors in the 1950s, became the mechanics capable of engine repairs and adjustments were a standard. The switch to diesel has brought a greater fuel rare breed. Almost all the early engines relied on petrol to some economy and improved engine torque characteristics, putting degree, either as a fuel itself or to warm petrol-parafﬁn engines more power through the wheels in difﬁcult working conditions. CLEANER, “GREENER” Crankcase Large diameter Two sequential TRACTOR POWER ventilation ﬁlter steel camshaft turbochargers With rising fuel costs and growing Electronic unit environmental pressure to reduce exhaust injectors emissions, today’s engine designers are constantly seeking ways to use fuel Cylinder liner more efﬁciently. Contemporary diesel engines electronically ﬁne-tune fuel Flywheel injection to the millisecond, minimizing waste. Turbochargers Directed top utilize exhaust airﬂow to improve liner cooling combustion efﬁciency, while intercooling cools the air to the Electronic engine optimum temperature for control unit efﬁcient performance. High JOHN DEERE Variable speed quality 9520R TRACTOR cooling fan drive sump One-piece steel pistons Forged steel crankshaft Modern diesel power The 9R series PowerTech PSX engine from John Deere is designed to power high horsepower tractors and large self-propelled machines such as combine harvesters. Its six cylinders produce up to 560 hp from 13.5 litres capacity. Features such as twin turbochargers and electronic fuel injection ensure that the engine meets exhaust emissions regulations.

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TRACTOR ENGINES . 243 TRACTOR ENGINE DEVELOPMENT momentum. Hot-bulb engines used a hot metal bulb and compressed air to cause combustion. Modern diesel engines (see opposite) spray fuel into the The principles of tractor engines are simple: combustion of fuel in a cylinder cylinder just when the air has been compressed to a great enough pressure to pushes a piston whose motion is transferred via the machine’s transmission ignite the diesel spontaneously. to its wheels. However, the method of achieving that motion has varied widely. Single- and twin-cylinder engines employed a ﬂywheel to maintain HOT-BULB ENGINE HORIZONTALLY OPPOSED TWIN-CYLINDER ENGINE Fuel tank Oil Lubricating Radiator pipes oil ﬁller Valve Big end Combustion push- chamber rod Big end rotation Cylinder head with hot bulb Valve Cylinder Connecting rod spring head Piston Rocker Cylinder arm Connecting rod Flywheel Water jacket Horizontally opposed twin-cylinder engines were CASE 20-40, 1913 Hot-bulb, or semi-diesels enjoyed a vast European LANZ BULLDOG inherently smooth running, the weight of each piston customer base into the 1950s, largely because they were D2206, 1952 always in balance with its opposite. In addition both simple, reliable, and easy to maintain. The engine’s ability cylinders were, in most cases, made up of identical parts. to use low-grade fuel of varying speciﬁcations was an Piston movement Using standard parts kept manufacturing costs down and important asset. Their main disadvantage was the need meant dealers needed to keep far fewer parts on hand. to heat the bulb with a blowlamp to start the engine. HORIZONTAL SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE Fuel tank VERTICAL FOUR-CYLINDER ENGINE (diesel) Radiator Radiator Fan connection Intake valve Piston Cooling fan Valve spring Piston head Combustion chamber Water jacket Starting handle Connecting Big end Camshaft Oil level rod rotation Crankshaft timing gear Big end Single cylinder engines were initially popular for their FIELD MARSHALL The vertical four-cylinder has become the most popular FORDSON MODEL N, simplicity and ease of maintenance but soon lost appeal. 3A, 1955 tractor engine format. The layout has advantages for users 1944 The unbalanced cylinder conﬁguration required a heavy and manufacturers. It is relatively simple to build, making it ﬂywheel and practical constraints on cylinder size limited a cost-effective alternative to ﬁve-, six-, and eight-cylinder power output to around 50hp. Once farmers’ requirements engines. It runs smoothly and produces a high range of exceeded this, multiple cylinders became a necessity. power outputs within a practical maximum engine speed.

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244 . HOW TRACTORS WORK Wheels and Hydraulics The modern tractor owes its versatility to developments dating available in 1918 on an International Harvester 8-16 “Junior” from the early years of tractor history. The ﬁrst tractors were tractor. Further versatility was enabled by hydraulic systems. primarily transport tools used to pull machinery and trailers, but Harry Ferguson’s three-point linkage, which made its mass their engines could also be equipped with a belt and pulley to market debut in 1936, allowed the use of the tractor’s hydraulics power ﬁeld equipment. A big step towards greater versatility was to raise and lower implements. Some modern tractors generate the development of the power takeoff or PTO. A special shaft electricity to power equipment in the ﬁeld. The wide choice of driven by the tractor engine, the PTO transmits power from the tyres and tracks available today give tractors the ﬂexibility to tractor to its implements. The ﬁrst successful PTO was made perform a multitude of tasks in varying ground conditions. THREE-POINT LINKAGE VERSATILE POWER SOURCE Harry Ferguson’s three-point linkage was among the Modern tractors like this John Deere offer plenty of engine power, most important developments in tractor design. which is used for much more than simply driving the tractor. Powering The Ferguson System allowed the use of the tractor’s implements with the tractor expands the machine’s role far beyond hydraulic power to lift and lower implements, giving transport and haulage, and opens up a long list of potential applications. drivers an unprecedented level of command over their Providing ﬁeld power has been an important element of mechanization equipment. The linkage’s draft control sensed precisely progress since the early 1900s. An early example was a tractor built in the amount of force required to pull an implement and Scotland by Professor John Scott in 1903, which included a seed drill raised or lowered the linkage arms accordingly. The and cultivator combination that were powered by chain and sprocket original linkages were rear-mounted only, but modern drives connected to the tractor. tractors can have a second linkage at the front, allowing the use of two implements at once. Power socket A plug-in point to use electric Top lift arm Levelling power from the tractor is adjustment useful for operating lights when working on a public Left hitch Top link Right link road. Power can be used to point arm operate advanced equipment Left link such as the metering system arm on certain seed drills. Ferguson’s original linkage Hydraulic power The ﬁrst production version of the three-point linkage is seen Special spool valves that here on a Ferguson Type A tractor made by David Brown. This connect equipment to the was the basis for the implement attachment system that tractor’s hydraulic system are remains standard equipment on most modern farm tractors. an important modern feature. For example, hydraulics are used to power tipping trailers and the turnover mechanism on reversible ploughs. Top hitch point Hydraulic lift arm Right link arm Lower hitch Modern linkage system point The tractor’s three-point linkage is still hydraulically powered. But the reﬁnements on modern tractors include electronically Side view of modern linkage guided attachment and load sensing as well as a quick hitch design for rapidly securing lower lift arms to the implement.

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WHEELS AND HYDRAULICS . 245 INVENTING THE WHEEL TRACTOR TYRES Almost all tractors ran on steel rimmed Tyre tread patterns are available for special wheels until the mid-1930s. Plain steel requirements. These include a ribbed pattern for rims were used for general transport, but non-powered front wheels, special turf tyres for when extra grip was needed for ﬁeld work amenity work, and extra-wide low-pressure tyres the rims were ﬁtted with steel lugs. Tractors that reduce soil compaction. with lugs were usually banned from public roads because of the damage they caused, STEEL RIMS STEEL LUGS SOLID RIBBED SPECIAL so detachable road rims were developed to TWIN CITY, 1915 ALLIS-CHALMERS, 1939 RUBBER TREAD INDUSTRIAL ﬁt over the lugs. Steel rims were unsuitable TYRES TREAD for fast travel, and the top speed for tractors METAL ROAD RIMS INFLATABLE TYRES was typically 3 mph (4.8 km/h). Speed, MASSEY HARRIS GP, 1932 ALLIS-CHALMERS, 1936 tractive force, and fuel economy all improved after special rubber tyres were introduced by Allis-Chalmers in 1932. Within ﬁve years they were being ﬁtted to 50 per cent of all new tractors. Remote controls Push buttons on the rear mudguards allow tractor drivers to attach or adjust implements on the three-point linkage while keeping a safe distance from the machinery. TYPICAL TURF FLOTATION CHEVRON TREAD TYRE TREAD TRACTOR TRACKS Although less common than wheeled tractors, crawlers fulﬁl an important agricultural role. Tracklaying tractors offer a better grip and more pulling efﬁciency than tyres, spread the tractor’s weight over a bigger surface area to reduce soil compaction, and are particularly useful on rugged or mountainous terrain. Steel track plate Front idler Air connection Metal Tracks This is used mainly for operating the For most of the 20th century traditional steel tracks were air brakes of trailers and some towed a popular choice among farmers who wanted more pulling machines. Using air-operated brakes power, but travel speeds were slow, the machines were provides safer, progressive stopping extremely noisy and they were often banned from public roads. power and is a legal requirement for some equipment. Drive wheel Air spring Power takeoff Rubber Tracks The PTO shaft is still the most popular The steel reinforced rubber tracks introduced by Caterpillar in way to utilize engine power to operate 1987 and based on NASA technology offer all the traditional machinery. It typically delivers up to 85 tracklayer beneﬁts, but they are much faster and quieter than per cent of the engine’s maximum steel and, as they cause far less damage, can travel on the road. power to the implement.

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246 . HOW TRACTORS WORK Driving Technology A safe, comfortable, and efﬁcient working environment for the fast-turning ﬂywheels, and the steel lugs on driving wheels were driver is high on the priority list when modern tractors are often unguarded and could come dangerously close to the designed, but during the early years of tractor development driver when the tractor lurched over rough ground. Trucks and concern for driver welfare was almost non-existent. Cabs offering vans offered much more evidence of concern for driver welfare, shelter from the weather were a rare luxury during the ﬁrst 60 taking steps to protect their operators long before similar or so years of tractor history, and it took even longer to provide developments took place on tractors. Both tractor manufacturers safety cabs that could protect the driver if the tractor overturned. and customers who considered safety cabs a luxury must share On some machines exposed gear drives, spokes of heavy, the blame for the slow pace of improvement on farm tractors. SITTING COMFORTABLY Shaped TECHNOLOGY backrest Early tractor seats were a shaped piece of metal on a sprung support. Being Tractor Suspension descendants of the seats on horse-drawn farm machinery, they were not ideal for a long day’s work. After World War II padded seats quickly replaced the The suspension system for the axles traditional design. Today’s operators can expect seats with full adjustment and, and cab (or both) provides a smoother, in some cases, suspension that automatically adjusts to the driver’s weight. more comfortable ride for the driver. For some tasks this can mean faster Ergonomic working speeds and higher efﬁciency control panel and productivity. For example, John Deere’s front axle suspension absorbs Steel METAL SEAT WITH shock loads from the wheels. support SPRINGED SUPPORT Coil spring arm absorbs shock TRADITIONAL METAL SEAT ON A SINGLE SUPPORT Torsion bar HYDROSTABLE CAB Seat Renault’s latest suspenion isolates the cab comfort from the tractor by coiling springs around controls shock dampers on each corner of the cab. A torsion bar controls lateral movement. COIL SPRING- PADDED SEAT WITH MODERN SEAT WITH SUPPORTED SEAT STEEL ARMS AND AIR SUSPENSION Modern cab (John Deere 6210R) WOODEN BACKREST The latest cabs offer comforts like heated seats, refrigerators, and ergonomically DRIVER SAFETY Canopy (special IH demonstrator) “Q-cab” (MF1080) designed controls, all of which allow Still permitted in some countries, Special design features like extra sound drivers to spend ever longer in the ﬁeld. The number of drivers killed or canopies are cheaper than cabs, but insulation allow “Q-cabs” to achieve seriously injured in overturning they offer limited weather and safety lower speciﬁed internal noise levels and accidents rose as tractors grew in protection for the driver. provide a better working environment. popularity, but effective action to resolve the problem did not arrive until 1959 when Sweden made it illegal to sell a new tractor without an approved safety cab. Other countries soon followed Sweden’s example. A problem with the new cabs was that they magniﬁed sound, and prolonged exposure to high noise levels could damage drivers’ hearing. The result was a new generation of “Q” or quiet cabs.

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FUTURISTIC TRACTORS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY . 247 Modern tractors are designed to help the driver use all the machine’s available power DETAIL OF CAB CONTROL PANEL for maximum productivity. Transmission options on medium- and high-horsepower GreenStar 2630 Auto tractors are likely to include automatic gear shifting, alongside touch-sensitive controls Steering and ﬁeld data that allow operators to exercise an extra level of precision. Many machines have eco recording touchscreen options that automatically reduce engine speed and therefore fuel consumption when less power is required. A display screen with data from the International Organization Hydraulic control for Standardization (ISO) keeps the operator constantly updated on the performance of joystick equipment such as crop sprayers and seed drills. Fingertip implement Driver-friendly cabs Instrument controls The latest cabs are entirely geared towards driver efﬁciency. Frequently used panel CommandCenter controls for managing transmission, power takeoff, and hydraulic functions touchscreen and are easily accessible beside the right-hand armrest. The cab’s modern bluetooth features include a colour display screen and even a built-in cup holder. hands-free controls Clutchless forward/ reverse lever Sound-absorbing ﬂoor mat Flat uncluttered ﬂoor area Passenger seat Refrigerator SATELLITE-AIDED FARMING Signal receiver Farm mechanization entered the Aerial space age in 1991 when Massey Ferguson unveiled a harvester linked Electronic precision to the Global Positioning System GPS can maintain (GPS), a network of satellites more than 12,000 miles (19,300 km) from working accuracy in Earth. It was the ﬁrst step in the low-light conditions. development of precision farming, a system that uses advanced technology Satellite technology JOHN DEERE Operator interface to achieve a greater ﬁeldwork This tractor’s receiver picks up signals SIGNAL RECEIVER Information and control display screens can provide accuracy. GPS eases the driver’s job from GPS satellites and passes them on comprehensive performance data at a glance, and the by providing steering precision, to the driver for accurate navigation. touchscreen facility gives immediate feedback. aiding in headland turns, and automatically varying chemical application rates in different ﬁelds.

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248 . GLOSSARY Glossary Dual-power blow-lamp or in later examples an electric A form of transmission that in a constant- spark. Once running, the lamp or spark is Air cleaner Crankshaft mesh gearbox gives the option, by means no longer required. These engines are A device that removes dust from the air The shaft that converts the oscillating of a hydraulically operated clutch and gear capable of using low-grade fuel oils. before it is drawn into the engine. Early motion and power of the pistons into a pack, of two change-on-the-move speeds tractors had a muslin-covered “cage”. Later continuous revolving motion, which is in any selected gear. In practice this means Horsepower (hp) a water-washer type bubbled air through a then transferred to the drive wheels. an eight-speed gearbox has 16 speeds. A unit of measurement used to express the container of water. Modern machines have power produced by a tractor engine. One replaceable paper filters. Cylinder Dual-wheels hp is equal to 550 foot pounds per second An enclosed chamber in which a piston Extra wheels that are attached to the outer or 745.7 Watts. Articulation moves to produce the power that is rim of a tractor’s normal wheel and tyre A method of steering where the machine transmitted to wheels. In a steam engine equipment. Dual wheels reduces the Hydrostatic transmission bends in the middle about a central pivot- the piston is made to move by the force ground pressure, while at the same time A system that transmits the power point. This mechanically simple method of of the high-pressure steam acting against increasing the tyre area in contact with from the engine to the wheels or tracks steering is controlled by hydraulic rams it (an external combustion engine). An the ground, so improving traction. through a hydraulic fluid medium. It actuated by the steering wheel. internal combustion engine produces its provides an infinitely variable range of power by burning liquid fuel introduced Dynamometer car speeds in forward and reverse. This system Autotronic control into the cylinder(s). A device to measure the tractive effort of a is not very efficient and a much larger The electronic control of tractor brakes, tractor. The dyanomometer is driven from percentage of engine power is lost than differential lock, gear and power takeoff Datatronic control the car’s wheels, and by altering and in other types of transmission. selection, and four-wheel drive. Most A system of tractor management that measuring the resistance applied to it the functions are engaged and disengaged by allows the operator to programme, power or force of the tractor can be Hydraulically actuated brakes a push button. co-ordinate, and memorize a wide range of recorded for any given ground conditions. The pressure applied to the brake pedal is functions such as headland management, transferred to the brakes by hydraulic fluid Biodiesel implement control, spool valve, and Equal-sized wheels within the braking system. Fuel whose major content is diesel but has external services settings. Wheels that are the same size on all the bio-additives, such as rapeseed (canola), axles of the tractor. Hydraulics corn (maize), or soya oil. Diesel The use of a fluid medium under pressure A fuel distilled from crude oil comprising Flotation tyre in a cylinder to perform lifting, lowering, Bore 75 per cent saturated hydrocarbons and 25 A tyre that runs at lower pressure than a and control of actions of an implement. The diameter of each cylinder in a steam per cent aromatic hydrocarbons, with a standard tyre and has an extra large cross or internal combustion engine. minimum cetane number of 51(the section. This lowers the ground pressure, Infinitely variable transmission (IVT) measure of its volatility). Diesel is supplied while at the same time increasing the area A system that provides completely stepless Cable control unit (CCU) as white diesel (derv) for road use, and red of tyre in contact with the ground. speed changes at all engine rpm settings. A unit attached to the rear transmission diesel (gas oil) for “off-highway” case of a tractor that controls, via cables, applications. Standard as refined diesel, Flywheel Intelligent-power management the raising, lowering, and emptying of with no additives, starts to “gel” at 27.6º F A heavy wheel fixed to the end of The computerized control of the towed scrapers. The CCU can also be (–3º C) and freezes at 17.6º F (–8º C). the crankshaft of a steam or internal interaction between a tractor’s engine and arranged to control a towed ripper or combustion engine. It stores energy from its transmission-management systems to a front-mounted dozer blade. Differential lock the power stokes of the engine and returns achieve the optimum fuel economy and A means of locking the axle differentials the energy to the crankshaft during non- work output. Change-on-the-move transmission so that both or all wheels are positively power strokes. The flywheel also carries An early form of sychromesh gear-box used driven. Useful in slipperly conditions the transmission clutch and the ring gear Linkage on a few tractors. However, due to the where one or more wheels lose traction to engage the starter motor during starting. The mechanism used to attach implements arduous operating conditions it was never and power is lost to the other wheels. and equipment to the front or rear of a successful. The Select-a-speed gearbox Differential lock has to be disengaged Four-stroke engine tractor. The linkage lifts and lowers the offered, at one time in Ford tractors, used to effect manoeuvres or turn corners. An engine that gives a power stroke for implements into work, and in some cases a series of hydraulically controlled epicylic every two revolutions of the crankshaft. controls the depth. It also carries all or part gear packs to give change-on-the-move Direct-drive transmission of an implement for road transport. gear changes. A type of transmission where the drive Full-line manufacturer is transmitted mechanically by a series of A manufacturer who produces a complete Low-tension ignition Continuously variable gears. The number of gear ratios is dictated range of farm equipment. A full-line A system in early tractors used to create transmission (CVT) by the number and arrangement of the manufacturer can supply a farmer with the spark for ignition using a low-tension A transmission system that combines the gears in the gear box. A gear is selected all his machinery requirements. current supplied by a battery or low- stepless speed variability of a hydrostatic for an operation and the tractor has to tension magneto. The contact breaker transmission with the mechanical efficiency stop for the operator to change gear. Gas tractor points that make the spark are located of a traditional gear transmission. This is a US term used to describe a tractor inside the cylinder, and the point of Direct-injection engine that has spark ignition and runs wholly on ignition is achieved by mechanical means. Crab steering A diesel engine in which the fuel is petrol (known as gasoline in the US). A mode of steering in which all the axles injected directly into the cylinders. Multi-plate clutch on the tractor are steerable. The system can General purpose A clutch that is made up of any number be programmed so that one axle is used for Draw bar A tractor that can perform most of the of driving plates and driven plates: there directional control. Both axles can be set to The point where trailed implements are operations required on a “mixed farm”, are always two more driven plates than turn in opposite but synchronized angles to attached to the tractor. such as ploughing, cultivating, harvesting, driving plates. Crawler tractor steering give a small turning circle. Both axles can and driving implements with the power clutches are generally of this type. In some be set to turn in the same direction at the Driving wheel takeoff. Stationary machinery can be transmission systems multi-plate clutches same time to give the crab-steer element The wheel (or wheels) that imparts, driven from the belt pulley. are used to engage different ratios within where the tractor moves sideways as well through the transmission, power of the a given gear set. as moving backwards or forwards. engine to the ground. Hot-bulb engine A type of engine, also known as a semi- Nebraska test diesel that requires an external heat source An asessment to test that a tractor’s power, for starting. This can be supplied by a fuel economy, and performance meet the

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GLOSSARY . 249 manufacturer’s claims, first instigated in (dhp); metric horsepower (din); Super-steer Transmission 1919 by the University of Nebraska, USA. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) A type of steering that gives a very tight The system that transmits or turns the In the US no tractor can be sold unless it specification, or in kilowatts (kW). Each turning circle. The front axle beam can power of the engine, which is supplied has been the subject of a Nebraska test. rating has its own specific method of be angled into the turn by a few degrees, at relatively high revolutions into a range measuring criteria. then the wheels are turned on their king- of land speeds, both forward and reverse. Nominal horsepower (nhp) pins, in the conventional manner, further This is a very approximate measure of the Revolutions per minute (rpm) into the turn. This feature is very useful Trembler coil ignition power of early steam engines, which was The number of times a shaft, such as a for applications such as turning into the An ingnition system used in early tractors. used by manufacturers to give customers crankshaft or power takeoff shaft, turns ends of potato or sugar beet rows. A low-tension electrical current is supplied an idea of an engine’s power when in one minute. from either a battery or a dynamo built compared to that of a horse. Nhp was Synchromesh into the flywheel to trembler coils – one calculated on piston area, but did not Ripper A mechanism within a gearbox that per cylinder. A distributor timed to the take into account the piston stroke or A heavily built single or muti-tyned sychronizes the speed of the gears during a engine sends the low-tension current to boiler pressure. implement that is used to loosen hard gearchange to make the change easier and each coil in turn. The coil then instantly soil or rock. avoid the necessity to double de-clutch. creates a high-tension current that sparks Paraffin the plug and so fires that cylinder. A combustible hydrocarbon fuel that was Rowcrop tractors Tachometer used to run tractor engines because it is Crops such as potatoes and suger beet The instrumentation that indicates the Turnbuckle top-link cheaper than petrol. Paraffin requires an are grown in rows a set distance apart. rpm of an engine and the forward speed The third part of the “three-point linkage”. engine to have a lower compression ratio The rowcrop machinery used in their at that rpm in any given gear. A turnbuckle top link has left-hand screw than that needed if running continuously cultivation and harvesting has to have threads at one end and right-hand threads on petrol. Contrary to popular belief, wheels set the correct distance apart so Tier IV emission standards at the other, and a turnbuckle between paraffin, kerosene (US), and tractor that the tractor can run in the spaces The latest government-mandated the two. The length of the turnbuckle vaporizing oil (TVO) are not exactly between these rows while at the same regulations that all engine manufacturers top-link can be adjusted to level the the same: paraffin has an octane rating time not damaging the growing crop. must meet when building units for tractors attached implement. of 0, kerosene a rating of 15–20, and Narrow-wheeled equipment is also in the quest to reduce air pollution. Tier TVO is rated 55–65. required for this application. 1V emission standards were phased in Two-stroke engine from 2008 and are ongoing until 2015. An engine that gives one power stroke for Petrol/paraffin engine Scraper every revolution of the crankshaft. An engine that is started on petrol and A heavy piece of earth-moving equipment Three-point linkage changed over to paraffin once it has used in construction applications to dig, The means of attaching an implement to Tyre tread warmed up. The engine manifold is carry away, and relocate soil. a tractor, which consists of two lower, or This is the pattern of the rubber that is arranged so that the exhaust gases heat draught links (arms), and a third upper, moulded to the part of the tractor tyre the incoming air/fuel mixture to aid the Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or top, link. Originally patented by Harry that is in contact with the ground. Tyre vaporization of the paraffin fuel. The means of converting, by the use of Ferguson this system incorporates tread is non-reversable and designed to a catalyst, nitrogen oxides contained in hydraulic lifting, lowering, and depth- be self-cleaning in one direction only. Pivot steer exhaust emissions into harmless nitrogen control capabilities. Tread engages with the ground surface A method of steering that allows a and water. and transfers the power of the tractor machine to turn, or “pivot”, on the spot. Threshing machine into forward motion and useful work. It is achieved by reversing the wheels or Semi-diesel engine A machine driven by a steam engine tracks on one side while at the same time See Hot-bulb engine or tractor used to mechanically separate Stroke setting the other side to forward. grain from the chaff and straw, and at The distance moved by the piston from Skid unit the same time clean the grain to a one end of the cylinder to the other in Power takeoff (pto) These are units supplied by tractor makers marketable standard. an engine. Stroke can also be expressed The shaft at the rear of a tractor to which to outside manufacturers who want to as measured from top to bottom dead a flexible drive shaft can be attached to build their own types of machine, but who Torque centres of the crankshaft. transmit power from the tractor’s engine require a proprietary power unit. Skid The twisting force created by a turning to an implement that requires an external units are supplied to the customer’s component to rotate an object about Urea-based diesel exhaust fluid power source. The output shaft sizes, with specification, but typically comprise the an axis. A fluid made up of 32.5 per cent urea and speeds of 540 and 1,000 rpm, have been engine (complete with bonnet and fuel 67.5 per cent de-ionized water. The fluid standardized by manufacturers. tank), gearbox, and back-axle (with or Total-loss lubrication system is injected as a consumable aqueous without hydraulics). The cab, wheels, A system used in early tractors in which solution into the exhaust stream, where Powershift transmission and the front axle are not usually part the oil that is supplied to the engine it reacts with the emissions in order Transmission that provides the ability of the package. Some customers use cylinder, or cylinders, and bearings is to reduce the harmful nitrous oxides to change gear under full power, on the the tractor cab as a complete component, metered out by drip-feed or pump at produced by modern diesel engines. move, and without the use of the clutch. positioning it according to the design of the required rate to provide adequate their particular machine. lubrication. The oil, once used, drains Variable horsepower (vhp) Precision farming away and is lost from the system. An interactive system between the gearbox A system of farming that uses satellite Sprocket and the power output of the engine. In navigation, mapping, and positioning The part of a track-type tractor that Track width low gears, the power setting is at the for all the field applications. Results engages with the tracks in order to The width across a tractor measured from standard rating for the engine. In the on crop performance are downloaded transmit the engine power to the track the centre of the wheel or track tread on higher gears the power setting is raised onto a computer-mapping software components. Positive-drive, rubber-tracked one side, to the centre of the wheel or to a predetermined level. This increases program to provide information for the tractors also use a sprocket to transmit the track tread on the other side. the work rate, but at the same time future use of fertilizers and chemicals to power to the tracks. protects the transmission from the torque that area of land. Traction engine overload that would result if the high Steam engine The generic term for a self-moving engine power settings were used in the low gears. Rating (horsepower): An engine that uses high-pressure steam driven by steam. The engine could be used The horsepower rating of an engine from boiling water to drive the pistons in for driving and moving a threshing Yield mapping can be given in many different ways. the cylinders. The term can also refer to machine, baler, or chaff-cutter, or any The part of “precision farming” that The ratings can be shown as brake any self-moving, portable, semi-portable, other stationary plant requiring power. collects and records information on the horsepower (bhp); draw-bar horsepower or stationary engine. Also employed on general haulage duties. variations in crop yield over a given area.

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250 . INDEX Index Bull tractor 13 Caterpillar continued Bullock Creeping Grip 12-20 42 D7 79, 88–9 All page references are given in italics Autotronic control 181, 183 Burford, H.G. 42 D8 8R 94 Aveling Barford 5-Ton roller 109 D9 79 A Aveling and Porter 109 C Hi-Drive D10 79 Avery R2 4J 73 accidents 158 cabs 45, 152, 153, 158–9, 246–7 Sixty Atlas 49, 76, 79 ACO 600 201 18-36 23 “Q-cabs” 151, 158, 217, 246 Advance-Rumley Thresher Co. 25, 48, 50, 68 45-65 50 safety cab legislation 151 CBT 8060 194 Advance Super Crude Oil Tractor 76 Under-type 14 Sekura 188 CESAR Datatag security system 212 AG-Chem Equipment Co. 236, 237 Avery, B.F. 90 sound-insulated 151 Challenger 183, 209 AGCO 79, 179, 181, 182, 183, 186, 209, 217, B Campbell, Edward J. 155 and AGCO 236, 237 236–7 Canada Chamberlain 1050 Vario 236 Baker, Newton 33 8775 Agco-Allis 237 Baker Co. 50 1900–1920 13, 23 60DA 117, 140 9100 Series 236 Baker 22-40 50 1935–1951 85 4480B 194 Allis 9775 187 Baldwin DM525 200 1939–1951 85 4490 194 Challenger MT865C 220–1, 222 Balilla 133 1952–1964 118 Champeyrache 40 Challenger MT875B 209 Bates Steel Mule Model F 42 1965–1980 170–1 Changchun Tractor Group 151 Challenger MT965C 222 Beaver Manufacturing Co. 50 1981–2000 200–1 Chapron CR 40 Vario Series 236 Beeby Bros. 30 2001 onwards 223 Charter Gas Engine Co. 13 AGCOSTAR 236 Belarus see also Massey Ferguson China Agnelli, Giovanni 160, 161 canopies 246 1965–1980 151 AGRICO 4+250 222 1522 195 Case 53, 139 2001 onwards 209, 230, 235 Agricultural & General Engineers group 55, 3522.5 231 12-20 50 C.L. Best Gas Traction Company 79 DT75 175 20-40 22, 154, 155, 243 Claas 109 MTZ-50 164 30 Series 154 acquire Renault tractor division 237 Agricultural Motors Ltd. 13 Belarus (state) 30-60 155 Atles 946RZ 214 agrimotors 13 1965–1980 164 94 Series 139 Challenger 45 197 Agritechnica (Hanover) 45, 155, 214, 235 1981–2000 179, 195 831 119 Nexos 240 219 Agromash group 209 2001 onwards 231 1030 Comfort King 152 Xerion 2500 205 Air Ministry (UK) 83, 96, 139 Belgium 1200 Traction King 152–3, 154, 155 Xerion 3800 235 air-conditioning 151 1900–1920 40 1570 159 Claeys 232, 233 air-cooling 117 1981–2000 180 3294 186 Clayton 110 aircraft-towing tractors 74–5, 83, 96–7, 139 Benz-Sendling Type BK 49 CC 65 C4105 205 A.J. Ward & Son 70 Best, Clarence Leo 79 Colt compact tractor 154–5 Chain Rail 42 Akroyd Stuart, Herbert 20 Best, Daniel 31, 78, 79 DEX Roadless 108 Clayton & Shuttleworth 15, 42, 60, 61 Alamo 234 Best Manufacturing Co. 31, 43, 60, 79 Magnum 7250 155 Cletrac Medium M2 High-Speed Tractor 94 Albone, Dan 13, 16, 18, 19 Big Bud Maxxum 232 Cleveland Alfa Romeo 99 16V-747 151, 171, 172–3 merger with International Harvester 139, Cletrac BD 88 Algerian Tractor Company 237 500 200 Cletrac Genral GG 90–1 all-wheel drive Big Wheelers (1981–2000) 200–1 155, 179 Cletrac Model H 42 BIMA 360 204 Model 500 140 Cleveland Tractor Company 83, 88 1900–1920 45 bio-diesel 222, 233 Model C 69, 154, 155 clutchless powershift transmission 193 1965–1980 168–9 Black, Sir Jack 102 Model DC 85 CNH Global N.V. 154, 209, 232, 233 Alldays & Onions 26 Blackston Track Tractor 43 Model L 154, 155 Cockshutt Alldays General Purpose 26 BMB President 121 Model L Roadless 72 30 85 Allgaier R22 101 Boghetto engines 160 Puma 232 50 118 Allis-Chalmers Bolinder-Munktell “Spirit of ’76” 159 coffee production 126 10-18 19, 83, 245 22HK 77 Steiger 630 155 combine harvesters 232, 236 20-35 50 MB20 99 Case, Jackson 154 comfort, driver 151, 169 6070 186 Braud 161 Case, Jerome Increase 154, 155 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ED40 Depthomatic 121 Brazil Case, John 154 HD-19H 89 1965–1980 164 Case IH 53, 139, 154–5, 179, 209, 236 130–1 Model B 105 1981–2000 194 1594 139 compact tractors Model G 91 2001 onwards 230, 235 4210 189 Model M 89 Breda 50TCR 132 acquires Steiger 198 1952–1964 136–7 Model U 49, 69 Bristol 10 110 acquisition by Fiat 160, 161, 233 2001 onwards 210–11, 230–1 WC 64 British Leyland 188 JXU 85 210 Companhia Brasileira de Tratores 194 WC-W Patrol 108–9 British Wallis 54 Magnum 380 CVX Rowtrac 234 compression-ignition 20 Allis Gleaner Company see AGCO brochures and catalogues Magnum 7250 Pro 187 computer technology 179, 212, 214, 221, 247 amphibious tractors 146–7 David Brown 138 Puma 230 CVX 215 continuously variable transmission (CVT) 45, “Amplicouple” shift-on-the-move Deutz 117 Quadtrac 620 209 Ferguson 103 Quadtrac 9370 198–9, 201 214, 226, 227 transmission 160 Ford 157, 190 Quadtrac STX500 209 control systems 247 Antarctica, exploration of 117, 130–1, 224–5 Fordson 49, 107 Quantum 75N 219 conversions Argo SpA 98, 209 International 83 Steiger 535 Gold Signature Edition 222 ArmaTrac 804e 230 Ivel 16 Case International 1939–1951 108–9 articulated steering 136, 170, 227 John Deere 45 1056XL 192 four-wheel drive 166 articulated tractors 142–3, 151, 191, 198–9, 209 Lanz 61 1594 189 high-clearance tractors 134–5 artillery tractors 32–7 Massey Ferguson 157, 182 Case-Mercer crane 108 narrow tractors 120 Ashfield, Herbert 138 Massey Harris 116 Case-New-Holland (CNH) 125, 218, 233 Cooper steam digger 30 Associated Equipment Company (AEC) 55 Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co. 12 Case-O-Matic torque converter transmission cotton picking 45 Aster 17 Minneapolis-Moline 87, 150 County Aston Martin 139 Titan oil tractors 52 119 754 168 Austin 59 Brocklebank, Sylvia 38 Case, Whiting and Company 155 1174 169 Brockway 49G 91 cash-crops 228 1884 189 engines 110 Brons Model EAT 94 Cassani 162 aircraft tugs 75 Model R 27 Brotherhood, Peter 54 “Daddy Long-Legs” 135 Australia Brown, Sir David 102, 103, 138–9 40 217 Full-Track 111 1900–1920 40 see also David Brown Tractors Ltd. Cassani, Eugenio 216, 217 Hi-Drive 135 1921–1938 77 Brown, David J.B. 166 Cassani, Francesco 137, 216–17 Sea Horse 146–7 1939–1951 98 Bryan 31 Caterpillar 36, 78–9, 83, 145, 183, 245 Super-4 144–5, 146 1952–1965 117, 140 Bryan, George 31 County Commercial Cars Ltd. 146 1965–1980 151, 165, 170 Bubba 2-ton tractor 78 crawler tractors 1981–2000 194, 196–7, 200 Ariete 133 15 73 1021–1938 72–3 Austria UT6 76 20 79 1939–1951 88–9, 110–11 1952–1964 125 Bucyrus International 79 65 79 1952–1964 132–3 1965–1980 163 Buda 118 225 360 degree excavator 79 1965–1980 174–5 1981–2000 193, 204 Buhler Industries Ltd. 233 CAT Challenger range 236, 237 Antarctic exploration 224–5 2001 onwards 211, 226–7 Bull, Stephen 154, 155 CAT Mobil-Trac system 236 International Harvester Company 52 Auto Trac automatic steering 212 Challenger 65 79, 179, 196, 220 World War I 32–3 Automatic Linkage Control Unit 216 Challenger 85D 196 World War II 83 automation 45, 214, 238–9 D2 88 see also rubber tracks D4 132 Crawley Agromotor 26 D4D 174 Cuneo, Terence 82 D4E Special Application 175 Czech Republic D6N crawler 224–5 1981–2000 193 2001 onwards 211, 231

P:253

INDEX . 251 Czechoslovakia Edge, Selwyn Francis 16 Fiat continued Fowler continued 1900–1920 27 Edwards, Graham 209 Model 55 160 FD4 110 1965–1980 163 Efficiency Manager system 223 Nastro d’Oro range 160, 161 Gyrotiller 70–1, 73 Eicher 117 Piccola 160, 161 K7 15 D electronic technology 179 Winner 110 161, 192 Motor Plough 27 Engine Power Management (EPM) system Winner range 232, 233 VF 110 “Daddy Long-Legs” 135 VF/VFA 132 Daedong D55 195 223 Fiat Trattori 160–1 Dain tractor 45 engines 242–3 Fiatagri 161, 191 Fowler, John 70 Daniel Best Agricultural Works 31 Field Marshall Foxwell, John 190 Datatronic control 181, 183 AGCO Challenger 221 France David Brown Tractors Ltd. 56, 83, 95, 102, 120, Best’s 31 Series 2 104 Case IH Quadtrac 199 Series 3A 120, 243 1900–1920 40–1, 43 138–9, 151, 155, 181 Case transverse 154 Finland 1921–1938 58–9, 72, 77 2D rowcrop tractor 136, 139 compression-ignition 20 1981–2000 193 1939–1951 99 50D 138 David Brown high-speed direct-injection 2001 onwards 209, 211 1952–1964 122–5, 136 850 Implematic 121, 139 diesel 138 Finning 225 1965–1980 158 880 Selectamatic 156 diesel 190, 191, 217 flotation tanks 146 1981–2000 181, 192, 204 900 139 Ford four-cylinder 166, 167 Foden Colonial 30 2001 onwards 210, 214–15, 219, 226 990 139 Ford Red Tiger 135 forage harvesters 236 Friedrich, Albert 126 1210 158 Ford turbocharged six-cylinder 191 Ford 151, 190–1, 232 Froelich 18 aircraft tugs 75 horizontal single-cylinder 243 2N V8 108 Froelich, John 13, 44, 45 Case IH 1594 139 horizontal twin-cylinder 243 6X range 151, 190, 191, 232 fruit cultivation 120, 121, 136, 218–19 Cropmaster Diesel 139 hot bulb 243 6Y Ford Force range 190 Fuchs, Dr Vivian 131 Cropmaster (VAK/1C) 104, 138, 139 internal combustion 79 8 BR 164 fuel crisis 179 DB 25 138 John Deere 9R series PowerTech PSX 242 8N 190, 191 Funk Brothers 108 DB 90 Series 139 John Deere 6210R 212 9N (Ford tractor with Ferguson System) and Ferguson 102, 103, 138 lower emissions 179, 209, 222, 233, 242 G Selectamatic range 139 Massey Harris GP 67 95, 102, 103, 190, 191 “Super” High Clearance 134 MM UDLX 86, 87 9N Moto-Tug B-NO-25 95 Garner All-purpose 27 Trackmaster 110 vertical four-cylinder 243 2000 190 Garrett 55 Trackmaster Diesel 50 133 English Channel 146–7 3000 190 gas, as fuel 61, 100, 109, 191 VAK1 94, 138, 139 Erkunt Industries 230 4000 190 gearboxes VIG/100 95 Ernest Doe & Sons 142 5000 156, 157, 166, 168, 190, 191 de-icing, aircraft 75 6000 190 six-speed 138 Deere, John 44–5 F 7000 158, 190, 191 synchromesh 158 see also John Deere 7810 184–5 General Motors 28 Deering, William 52, 53 Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino see 7810 Silver Jubilee 179, 180, 191 general-purpose tractors 66–9 Deering Harvester Company 52 Fiat Basildon Factory 107, 180, 190, 191, 232, Georges Vidal Vineyard 72 Department of Transportation (US) 151 Germany Deutz 217 Fahr 217 233 1921–1938 49, 58–9, 73, 77 A110 162 D130 127 Commander 6000 153 1939–1951 83, 100–1 D10006 159 see also Deutz-Fahr; SAME-Deutz-Fahr Dagenham Factory 49, 83, 106, 107, 190 1952–1964 126–7, 136 F1M414 101 and Fiat 161 1965–1980 159, 162–3, 171 F2M315 101 Fahr, Johann George 127 Force II 191 1981–2000 180, 192–3, 204–5 F4L 514 117 Fairbanks Morse 15-30 23 Ford Versatile 9680 201 2001 onwards 212–13, 215, 218, 226–7, MTZ320 59 Farmall Works (Illinois) 52, 53 FW Series 191 Pfluglokomotive 13 Fate-Root-Heath company 65 gas-turbine Typhoon tractor 191 234–5 Deutz Argentina S.A. 236, 237 Felderman Mini 16 231 Generation III range 180, 184–5, 191 see also Lanz Deutz-Allis Fendt 179, 183 Genesis project 191 Gibson Model H 91 9150 186 Model B 28 GIMA transmission 237 and AGCO 236, 237 211V 218–19 NAA 191 Glasgow 27 Deutz-Fahr 179, 217 926 Vario 236 Powermaster 951 135 global tractor ranges 151, 157 AgriStar MkII 217 936 Vario 215 relationship with Ferguson 102, 103 GPS technology 179, 183, 209, 214, 239, 247 Agro Extra 217 936 Vario Municipal 226 Series 10 191 Graham-Bradley 104 69 Agrotron K410 226 and AGCO 236, 237 Series 40 191 grass cutting 226, 227 AgroXtra DX6.08 193 F231 GTS 163 skid units 166, 168 Gray 18-36 28 developing countries, role of tractors 228–9 Farmer 310LS Turbomatik 192 TW Series 190, 191 Great Depression 49 diesel 242 Favorit 3 FWA 162 TW-35 180, 191 Grillet 59 Diesel, Rudolph 20 Trisix Vario 234 Ford, Henry 13, 28, 52, 59, 95, 102, 103, 106, diesels Xylon 524 205 H British (1952–1964) 120–1 Ferguson 102–3, 190, 191 107, 190 European 162 9N (Ford tractor with Ferguson System) Ford Motor Company 94, 106, 120, 180, 191 Hanomag 126 first 76–7 Ford New Holland 160, 161, 179, 191, 232 R460 ATK 127 John Deere 44, 45 95, 102, 103, 190 Fordson 49, 106–7, 190 RL 20 100 Massey-Harris 182 “Black Tractor” 102, 103, 183 Dinky Toys 145 FE-35 103 Dextra 107 Harris, Alanson 182, 183 DirectDrive transmission 212 TE series 103 Diesel Major 107, 117, 121 Harrison, McGregor & Guest Ltd. 139 Doe TE-20 83, 103, 104 E27N Major Rowcrop 82, 105, 107 Hart-Parr 13, 17, 52, 65 Doe 130 142, 168 TE-A20 130–1 E27N P6 Major 107, 109 Dual Power 142 TE-F20 120 E27N Roadless DG Half-Track 108–9 18-36 51 Triple-D (Dual Drive) 142–3, 144, 168 TE-L20 120 Model F 13, 52, 106, 107 20-40 18 Doe, Ernest 168 TO series 103 Model N 55, 59, 95, 96, 106–7, 243 30-60 “Old Reliable” 22 Dongfanghong 28 151 TO35 183 Model N Industrial 95 “Little Devil” 17 Dorman-Ricardo engines 111 Type A (“Ferguson-Brown”) 49, 55, 56–7, MOM Fordson F 35 No. 1 13 Douglas, aircraft tugs 75 “New” Major 107, 121 Hay and Forage Industries 236 Dowdeswell 185 102, 103, 138, 139, 244 “New Performance” range 107 heaters 151 Drake & Fletcher 16 see also Massey Ferguson “New Performance” Super Major 107, 142 hedgecutters 226 Dreyfuss, Henry 44, 45, 85 Ferguson, Harry 29, 49, 56, 95, 102–3, 104, Power Major 107, 142 Henry Ford & Son 106 driver comfort 151, 169, 246 Roadless 74–5 Henry Ford Institute of Agricultural driver protection 45, 151, 158–9, 246 117, 120, 139, 182, 183, 190, 216, 244 Super Dextra 107 driverless tractors 45, 239 Ferguson System 49, 54, 102–3, 190, 216, 244 Super Major 107, 135 Engineering 92 driving technology 246–7 Ferrari Thor 85 219 Super Major KFD 68 121 Hensler, Willie 173 Dungey, Hugh 27 fertilizer 179 World War II 83, 92–3, 113 Hercules OCC engine 67 Dunkirk, evacuation of 96 Fiat 151, 160–1, 179, 191, 232 forestry 144, 166 Hermann Lanz Aulendorf D40 100 Dutra four-wheel drive 66, 152, 153, 155, 159, 174, Hesston 161, 183, 236 D4k-B 169 25R 4RM 144 high horsepower UE-28 145 44-28 171 182, 183 dynamometers 62 55 132 1952–1964 124, 136, 144, 216 1952–1964 140–1 80 series 160, 161 1965–1980 151, 168–9 1965–1980 170–1 E 411 160 1981–2000 192, 198–201 1981–2000 186–7, 198–201 411R 162 conversions 166 2001 onwards 209, 214–15, 222–3 Eagle 6B 65 505C 161, 174 equal-wheel 234 high-clearance tractors 134–5, 234 ECO Type N 99 600 160, 161 high-horsepower tractors 170, 171 Hillary, Sir Edmund 117, 130–1 680H 159, 161 unequal-wheel 188 Hinton, Walter Haskell, “Reviewing 700 160 Fowler 61, 110 700C 160, 161 75 73 Performance” 44 702 41, 160, 161 BB1 14–15 Holder 703 58 Challenger 3 110–11 Diamante series (215, 315, 415, and 615) diesel conversion 30 A10 136 C270 227 160, 161 Sommer S990 227 Model 40 Boghetto crawler 160, 161 Holt, Benjamin 78, 79

P:254

252 . INDEX Holt, Charles 78, 79 International Harvester Co. (IH) continued KL Mahindra 179, 209 Holt Manufacturing Co. 31, 33, 36, 78–9 Titan Type D 22, 53 265 DI 194 W-12 69 Kaiser, Henry 76 475-DI 228–9 75 Gun Tractor 34, 36–7 W4 84 Kanner, Leonard 91 6030 turbo 230 Armoured 5-ton 32–3, 35 Kelly & Lewis 98 Experimental Model T16 42 Ireland 1921–1938 59 Mailam 5001 175 hop production 120, 121 1981–2000 205 KL Bulldog 98 maintenance guides, Caterpillar 79 Hornsby, Richard 18 Kent Ford Dealers (KDF) 121 M.A.N. AS-250 101 Hornsby-Akroyd Patent Oil Tractor 18, 20–1 Italy Kern County Land Company 155 MAN diesel engines 70 Howard 1900–1920 40–1 Kirovets K745 222 Mann “low-cost steam tractor” 31 Dungledozer 109 1921–1938 58, 76 Kiva 136 March, General Peyton 33 Platypus PD4 133 1939–1951 98–9 Klöcker-Humboldt-Deutz (KHD) 216, 217, market gardening 136 HSCS 1952–1964 117, 132–3, 137, 144 Marshall K40 76 1965–1980 151, 159, 162, 174–5 236, 237 R50 98 1981–2000 179, 192–3 Koppel, Arthur 100 12-20 77 Huber 30 2001 onwards 209–11, 214, 218–19 Kubota 117 15/30 55 Modern Farmer Model L 69 see also Fiat; SAME Deutz-Fahr 18/30 49 Huber, Dr Fritz 58, 60, 61, 128 L13G 125 100 188 Hull, Charles 138 Ivel Agricultural Motors 16–17 L245 FP 164 804 188 Hungary Ivel (1903) 16, 17, 18 L3200 231 Colonial Class A 22 1921–1938 76 Ivel (1913) 17 L3250 195 engines 111, 120, 133 1939–1951 98 Ivel (c.1906) 17 M9960 211 MP6 120 1952–1964 145 Ivel-Bauche motor hoe 17 Mudder M96s 235 traction engine 14 1965–1980 169 Ivel-Hart (1916) 17 Lamborghini 216, 217 see also Field Marshall; Track-Marshall Hürlimann 216, 217 R1056 159 Massey, Daniel 182, 183 40 DT70G 98–9 Ivel Cycle Works 16, 17 Land Girls 92–3 Massey Ferguson 117, 179, 180, 182–3, 191 D100 99 land reclamation 113 35 Hi-Clear 134, 183 D200S 124 J Landini, Giovanni 98 95 183 Hürlimann, Hans 124 Landini Rex 110F 219 97 141 hydraulics 244–5 Japan Lanz 45, 60–1, 83, 126, 133, 163 98 141, 183 Ferguson System 49, 56, 117, 244 1952–1964 117, 125 18/30 62–3 135 157, 183 hydrogen-powered tractors 235 1965–1980 151, 164–5 6017 126–7 165 157, 182 Hydrostable suspension 246 1981–2000 195, 197 All Purpose Tractor 61 300 183 hydrostatic drive systems 117, 153 2001 onwards 211, 231, 235 Alldog A1205 toolcarrier 61 335OC 218 Alldog A1806 136 698T 181 I JCB 179, 180 Bulldog 15/30 60 825 182 Fastrac 185-65 202–3, 205 Bulldog D2206 126, 128–9, 243 1080 158, 246 Imperial Airways 75 Fastrac 4220 234 Bulldog HP 61 1130 183 implematic hydraulic system 139 Fastrac 8310 214 Bulldog HR8 Model D9550 73 1155 158 India D1616 61 1200 170, 183 J.I. Case Company 154–5 D2016 61 3000 series 183 1951–1964 117 see also Case D5506 61 3065HV 181, 193 1965–1980 151 Gas Producer Bulldog 61, 100 4000 series 183 1981–2000 179, 194–5 J.I. Case Plow Works 19, 53, 54, 139, 154, 155, HC L2 61 4270 181 2001 onwards 209, 230, 235 182 HL12 Bulldog 49, 58, 61 4708 235 Indian Motorcycle Tractor 91 HR2 Gross “Bulldog” 61, 77 5410 210 industrial styling 85 J.I. Case Threshing Machine Company 154, John Deere-Lanz 2416 61, 127 6455 Municipal 226 industrial tractors 138 155 Steam tractor 61 7618 215 infinitely variable transmission (IVT) 209, 223, Traffic Bulldog 101 8690 183 John Charnley and Sons 189 Lanz, Heinrich 60, 61, 128 8737 183 236 720 137 Lanz, Dr Karl 128 9240 181 Institute of Agricultural Engineering (Oxford) Latil KTL 58 and AGCO 236, 237 John Deere 18, 29, 44–5, 53, 117, 151, 180, Laverda 16, 237 DX series project tractors 157 62 191, 194, 209 Leader Tractor Co. 90 “Red Giant” tractor range 151, 157 Intelligent Power Management system 45, Model D 90 Massey-Harris 19, 66, 116, 117, 154, 155, 7R series 45 Ledo Road 83 212 9R series PowerTech PSX engine 242 Lely, Holland, Hydro 90 151 182–3 intensive farming 117, 209 20 series 45 Lend-Lease 83, 94, 113 102 Senior 84 internal combustion engine 79 30 range 45 Leyland 188 Ferguson sold to 103 International Harvester Co. (IH) 52–3, 83, 106, 320 119 154 157 General Purpose (GP) 66–7, 68, 245 830 140 272 Synchro 159 MH50 183 155, 191 1010 45 485 169 MH745 182 2+2 articulated rowcrop tractors 53 1120 162–3 Nuffield range 159 Pony 820 V 124 10-20 52, 53, 68 3140 180 lightweight tractors Wallis tractor 182 15-30 49, 52, 53 4020 45, 152 1900–1920 13 Massey-Harris-Ferguson 182, 183 434 156 4049R 227 1939–1951 90–1 Matbro Mastiff 145 634 All-Wheel Drive 168 4240S 180 Lincoln tractor trials 13 Matchbox series 145 634 Four-Wheel Drive 168 4250 180 Lindeman 89 Mathews Brothers 145 650 118 5010 141 Lindner Lintrac 211 Maxwell Motor Car Company 33, 35 885XL 188 5020 45 “Link Belt Drive” 78 Meadows, Henry 111 3788 200 5090 G 210 Little Bull 19 mechanization, agricultural 117, 151, 164, 5288 187 6000 series 45 Little Giant 38–9 5488 53 6030 152 livestock farming 136, 210 228, 244 5588 53 6210R 45, 212–13, 215, 246 Locke-King, H.J. 20 Mercedes-Benz 126 B275 121 7030 45 Locomobile Engineering Company 60 B614 156 8000 series 179 low horsepower tractors see compact MB-trac 1000 204 Farmall 100 118 8010 45 methane-powered tractors 233, 235 Farmall 560 53, 141 8360RT 223 tractors Mignot, Eugene 99 Farmall BM 105 8400T 197 Loyd, Vivian 111 military tractors 32–7, 40, 41, 53, 83 Farmall Cub 90, 124 8770 201 Loyd Dragon 111 Milwaukee Harvester Company 52 Farmall F-12 64 9520R 242 Minerva 40 Farmall F-20 53, 64–5 9560R 223 M Ministry of Agriculture (UK) 83, 92, 107 Farmall MDV 134 acquisition of Lanz 60, 61, 126, 127 Ministry of Munitions (UK) 34, 35, 52, 106, Farmall model 49, 53 AN 84–5 McConnell Tractors 236, 237 “Gold Demonstrator” 1456 153 General Purpose 44, 51 McCormick 209 107 HT-350 117 GH High-Crop 45 Minneapolis Steel & Machine Company 12 Hydro 100 Diesel 153 Lanz 2416 61, 127 X7.460 214 Minneapolis Threshing Machine Co. 51 Junior 8-16 34, 52, 53, 244 Lindeman 89 McCormick, Cyrus Hall 52, 53 Minneapolis-Moline 51, 64, 117, 150, 170, 183 McCormick 523 163 MC 89 McCormick, Robert 52 merger with Case 139, 155, 179 Model 70 45 McCormick Harvesting Machine Company 27-42 51 Mogul Junior 25 22 Model 80 119 G705 141 Super H 136 Model A 44, 45, 85 52 G1350 153 T20 Trac-Tractor 72 Model B 44, 45, 65, 85 McCormick-Deering W6 134 GT 84 TD-18 bulldozer 112–13 Model D 44, 45, 49, 85 MacDonald and Massey Ferguson 97 141 TD-40 crawler 53 Model GH 134 Motrac 133 TD8 CA 175 Model R 44, 45 Imperial EB 40 Twin City 64 TD14 88 “New Generation of Power” range 44, 45, TWB Imperial 77 UDLX “Comfortractor” 85, 86–7 TD35 Trac Tractor 73 Machine Sync remote control system 45 UDM 104 Titan 10-20 53 141 McLaren 17 ZBU 118 John Deere-Lanz 61 Minsk Tractor Works 164, 179, 231 Johnston, Edward A. 52 Jowett engines 110 JWD 494 Fieldmaster 189

P:255

INDEX . 253 Mitsubishi 165 pest control 135 S Surrey WAEC 112–13 Mobil-trac system 79 Peterbro 54 suspension 246 Mobile Vehicle Landtrain (MVL) 225 petrol 242 safety, driver 158–9, 246 Sweden Moffett MTF 7840 205 Pininfarina 159, 160, 161 safety frames 158 Mogul 8-16 34 Plano Manufacturing Company 52 SAME 1900–1920 19 Moline Plow Co. 28 Platypus Tractor Company 133 1921–1938 76–7 ploughs DA25 217 1939–1951 99 Universal Model D 28 Explorer range 217 1952–1964 125, 151 MOM Fordson F 35 John Deere cast-steel 44, 45 Frutteto 3 80S 218 driver protection 158, 246 moon rovers 196, 220 motor 26–7 SameCar SA42T 137, 217 Swingle, Edward 236 Morooka MK220 197 ploughing record 209 Sametto V 162 Swinton, Major General E.D. 78 Motomeccanica revival of 185 Titan 190 193 Switzerland, 1939–1951 98–9 Poland Trattorino Universale 216, 217 Balilla B50 Stradale 99 1939–1951 83 SAME Deutz-Fahr 124, 127, 179, 209, 216–18 T CP3C 133 1952–1964 132 AgroTron range 217 motor ploughs 26–7 1965–1980 165 FARMotion range of engines 217 TAFE 45 DI 195 motorcycle tractors 91 Porsche Coffee Train P312 126 Frutetto 3 S 90.3 Hi-Steer 217 tanks 175 Muir-Hill 188 Port Huron 14 SAME-Lamborghini-Hürlimann 216, 217, 236 Tapps, David 146–7 121 Series III 151 power steering 151 Samson Sieve-Grip 28 Tenneco 53, 139, 155, 179, 189 multi-power transmission 183 Power Syncro change-on-the-move Sat Nav 179, 183, 209, 214, 221, 222, 247 TerraGator 236 Multidrive Sixtrac 234 Satoh D-650G 165 Thieman 90 multipurpose tractors 204–5 transmission 180 Saunderson 54 three-point linkage system 49, 54, 102–3, 244 Munktells 30-40 19 power takeoff (PTO) 244 Universal 26, 41 Tirtou 59 MWM (Motoren-Werke Mannheim) 122 powershift transmission 152, 180, 222, 223 Universal Model G 26–7 Titan Praga Co. 27 Saunderson, Herbert 16, 17 N Scemia Universal 41 10-20 35 Model X 27 Schlüter Type D 13 Nagorcka, James 196 Prairie trators 13, 22–5, 151 5000 TVL 171 tool-carrier tractors 61, 163 narrow tractors 120–1 protection, driver 158–9 AS503 127 toy tractors 145 NASA 196, 220, 245 Pryor, George 142 Schlüter, Anton 127 Track-Marshall 133 Nelson, Big Bud 173 “push-pull” plough system 185 Schumejda, John 236 55 174 Nelson Blower & Furnace Co. 29 Scott, Professor John 16, 244 TM200 197 QR Scott, Captain Robert Falcon 225 tracked machines Nelson 20-28 29 seats 246 Antarctic exploration 130–1 Netherlands “Q” cabs 151, 158, 217, 246 Seaver, Jim 236 Caterpillar Inc. 78–9 Quad Range transmission 180 Sekura cabs 188 early 42–3 1939–1951 94 Quadrino, Umberto 179 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) 183, 233 rubber-tracked 174, 179, 196–9, 201, 209, 1965–1989 151 Quadtrac system 198 Shandong TS-25 165 New Holland 154, 155, 161, 179, 191, 209, 232–3 radio control 239 Sharp, William 18 220–3, 234, 236, 237, 245 70 series 233 Ransomes, TSR 300 Series “push-pull” Sharps 16 steel-tracked 174–5, 245 8970 233 Auto-Mower 18 tracklayers 168, 209 Ford Versatile 9680 201 plough 184–5 Sheppard SD3 118 Trackless MT6 226 Golden Jubilee T6.160 and T7.270 209, 233 Ratcliff, Robert 236 Shibaura 191 Tractor Traders Ltd. 78 L/35 series 233 Reform Metrac H7X 226 Siku 145 Tractors and Farm Equipment (TAFE) 195 M/60 series 233 Reliance-Mercury, aircraft tugs 75 Silver King 65 transmission T3.55F 219 remote control 45, 239, 245 Simms, Frederick 16 “Amplicouple” shift-on-the-move 160 T4.85 210 Renault Sisu Power 183 Case-O-Matic torque converter 119 T4.105 218 slopes, working on 226 clutchless powershift 193 T6 and T7 232 155-54 Nectra 192 small tractors see compact tractors continuously variable 45, 214, 226, 227 T6.140 Methane Power 233, 235 AGCO bid to buy 236–7 Smithfield Show 139, 156 DirectDrive 212 T8 Auto Command 209 Ares 710RZ 214 snow clearance 75, 202 GIMA 237 T9 217 HO 41 Società Accomandita Motori Endotermici see infinitely variable (IVT) 209, 223, 236 T9.560 223 Hydrostable suspension 246 multi-power 183 T6050 Hi-Crop 234 Model HI 43 SAME Power Syncro change-on-the-move 180 T8040 214, 233 N73 Junior 122–3, 125 Société Française Vierzon 124 powershift 152, 180, 222, 223 TR 232 PE 58 Solis 20 230 Quad Range 180 TS110 233 Reo Motor Car Company 33, 35 Sonalika 230 Trantor Mk II 204 New Holland Geotech 232 research and development 234–5 sound-insulation 151, 158, 246 tricycle-style tractors 44, 59, 216 Newman AN3 91 R.H. Sheppard company 118 South Africa Tucker Sno-cats 131 Nickerson, Charles 188 Ricardo, Harry 54 turbochargers 158, 166–7 Norman Zorge C10 126 Ricardo petrol engines 70 1981–2000 201 Turkey, 2001 onwards 230, 235 Northern Manufacturing Company 173 rice cultivation 230 2001 onwards 222 Turner Northrop, 5004T 166–7, 168 Richard Hornsby & Sons 13, 20 South Korea V4 engines 111, 120 Nuffield 83 Rixmann Knapp 4000 175 1981–2000 195 Yeoman of England 120 4/65 157 road building 83 2001 onwards 209, 230 T.W. Ward 110 Universal M3 104 road tractors 100–1, 202–3, 226 South Pole 130–1 Twin City 12, 245 Roadless Traction Ltd. Sparex Holdings 237 40-65 23 OP 6/4 145 specialist tractors 108–9, 136–7, 226–7, 234–5 KT 64 120 168, 188 Sperry Corporation 191, 232, 233 Twin Mogul 12-25 35 Oliver aircraft tugs 75 Sperry New Holland 232, 233 TYM 1003 230 79 Rowcrop 65 Amex Workhorse 188 Spitfire aircraft 138 tyres 245 80 69 Half-Track 94, 96–7 sprayers 234 660 137 Type E 111 spreaders 234 U 1650 135 robot technology 239 Standard Motor Company 103 2255 Diesel 153 RoGator 236 steel-tracked tractors 174–5 U-boats 13, 34, 38, 94 2655 170 Romania, 1965–1980 165 Steiger 155, 191, 198, 201 Unimog 401 126 HG 88 Rome Plow Co., Rome 475C 200 No.1 144 United Kingdom and Massey Ferguson 98 141 ROPS (rollover protection structures) 151 Panther ST350 Series III 170 Super 99 140 Rossi Brothers (California) 173 Steiger 620 155 1900–1920 13–15, 18, 20–1, 22, 26–7, 30–1, Rotary Hoes Ltd. 133 Steiger, Douglas and Maurice 117 34–9, 42–3 Orenstein & Koppel 100 rowcrop tractors 53, 64–5, 105, 134 Steyr 155 O and K SA 751 100 Royal Agricultural Society trials 17, 49, 62–3 185 125 1921–1938 49, 54–7, 62–3, 70–5, 77, 91–7 Royal Air Force (RAF) 83, 96, 97, 138 540 163 1939–1951 83, 104–5, 108–13, 117 Orenstein, Benno 100 rubber-tracked tractors 174, 179, 196–9, 201, 4065S 211 1952–1964 120–1, 132–5, 136, 142–7 Orsi Argo 99 8130A Turbo 193 1965–1980 151, 156–9, 166–9, 174–5 OTO Vigneron R3 137 209, 220–3, 234, 236, 237 8300 204 1981–2000 179–81, 188–9, 202–5 Overtime Model R 34, 102 Rumley 13, 52 Profi 4130 CVT 227 2001 onwards 214–15, 234–5 paraffin 57, 242 Stockton Wheel Company 78 see also David Brown; Ferguson; Ivel Parlin & Prendorff plough 13 6-A 68 Storey, Norman 70 United States Parrett 182 OilPull Model H 16-30 24–5, 29 street cleaning 227 1900–1920 13, 14, 18–19, 22–5, 28–35, 42–3 OilPull Model M 20-35 50 styling 1921–1938 49, 50–1, 64–9, 72–3, 76 12-25 28 OilPull Type G 20-40 23 International Harvester 52–3 1939–1951 83–91, 94–5, 108–9, 117 patents 190, 191 Rushton 55 tractors with 83, 84–7 1952–1964 117–19, 132–5, 136–7, 140–1, 144 Pavesi Roadless 75 sugar-cane production 166 1965–1980 151, 152–3, 158, 159, 170–5 Russell Grader Manufacturing Company 79 Super Landini 98 1981–2000 179–81, 186–7, 196–201 America 40 Russia 2001 onwards 209, 214, 220–3, 226–7, 234 P4 41 1981–2000 196 see also Case; Caterpillar; Ford; Fordson; Pavesi and Tolotti 133 2001 onwards 209, 222 International Harvester Co.; John Deere Payne, Walter 16, 17 see also USSR Perkins Diesel Engines 79, 117, 120, 182, 183 Ruston & Hornsby 54 P6 107, 109, 111

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25 4 . I N D E X /AC K N OW L E D G M E N TS Ursus Vierzon White 6144 World War II continued 1204 167 201 124–5 125 Workhorse 187 Military Might 94–5 OMP 55C 132 H2 77 6195 186 Roadless Half-Track 96–7 9100 Series 236 Specials and Conversions 108–9 USSR vineyards 40, 59, 120, 121, 136, 144, 218, 219 Field Boss 2-110 187 War Agricultural Executive Committees 1921–1938 49 Volgograd BT-100 197 (WAEC) 112–13 1939–1951 83 Volgograd Tractor Plant 209 White Farm Equipment (WFE) 187, 236, 237 Women’s Land Army 92–3 1965–1980 174–5 Volvo-BM 470 125 White Motor Co. 153, 170 see also Russia Volvo-BM Valmet 193 William Galloway Co. 27 XYZ William Weeks 27 UTB Universal 530 165 W Williams, Robert C 151 yield mapping combines 183 utility vehicles 226–7 Williams Brothers (Montana) 173 YTO 180 230 Wagner TR-9 144 Williamson, Henry 49 Yube Bell-Tread 43 V Walker, Fletcher 76 Winnipeg tractor trials 13 Zetor Wallis, Henry M. 154 Women’s Land Army (WLA) 38–9, 92–3, 95, Valmet Wallis Club 19 3045 163 15A 237 Wallis Tractor Company 54, 154, 155 113 9540 193 360D 164 Wallis & Steevens 15 Women’s Legion 38 Crystal 12011 165 1780 Turbo 194 Walsh & Clark oil ploughing machine 31 World Tractor Trials 49, 55, 60, 62–3 Major 80 211 9400 193 Waltanna World War I Zimmerman, Abraham 232, 233 Valtra 183, 208 4-250 170 Beating the U-boat 13, 34–5 A63 211 200 196 British food production campaign 26 and AGCO 236, 237 War Agricultural Executive Committees Ferguson 102 BT190 230 Fordson 106 (WAEC) 94, 95, 112–13 Holt 75 Gun Tractor 36–7 Varity 183 War Department (UK) 36 Holt Manufacturing Comapny 79 verge cutting 202, 226–7 Warder, Bushnell & Glassner 52 Titan 10-20 52 Versatile 191, 233 Waterloo Boy 29, 44–5 US Army’s Artillery Tractor 32–3 Women’s Land Army 38–9 82 series 233 Model N 29, 44, 45 World War II 83 935 200 Waterloo Gasoline (Traction) Engine Co. 18, Caterpillar 79 1080 “Big Roy” 151, 170 David Brown 138, 139 Deltatrack 450DT 223 44, 45 Fiat 160 Vickers Waukesha 140 International Harvester 53 Aussie 54 Weeks-Dungey New Simplex 27 Lanz 61 VR180 175 wheels 244–5 World Tractor Trials 62–3 wheelslip 170 Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to thank With special thanks to Malcolm Robinson Henry Flashman, Gunnislake, Paul Rackham Ltd. Tractor Collection Stuart Gibbard for his support and Alex Bell and all the tractor owners Cornwall, UK Camp Farm, Roudham, Norwich, throughout the making of this book. Norfolk, NR16 2RL, UK Chandlers (Farm Equipment) Ltd. Geldof Tractors With special thanks to Paul Rackham and In addition, Dorling Kindersley would Main Road, Belton, Grantham, Vierschaar 4, B-8531, Harelbeke, to Lee Martin for his help during the like to extend thanks to the following Lincolnshire, NG32 2LX, UK Belgium photoshoot people for their help with making the www.chandlersfe.co.uk www.geldof-tractors.com book: Sue Gibbard; Dennis Bacon; With special thanks to Gavin Pell With special thanks to Michel Geldof Rural Pastimes at Euston Park Rory Day; Ted Everett, AGCO; and Mick Thrower and Steven Vanderbeke Euston, Suffolk, IP24 2QH, UK Steve Mitchell, ASM Public Relations Ltd; http://www.eustonruralpastimes.org.uk Mark James, Wade D. Ellett, and Neil James Coward, Thorney, Spalding, Stuart Gibbard With special thanks to Tim Shelley, Dahlstrom, John Deere; Erik de Leye, Lincolnshire, UK Gibbard tractors, specialists in original Henry Castle, and all the tractor owners Media Relations Representative, EAME, tractor literature Caterpillar Inc., for checking the text for Robert H. Crawford & Son www.gibbardtractors.co.uk The Shuttleworth Collection Caterpillar; Sarah Pickett and Richard Agricultural Engineers & Manufacturers Shuttleworth (Old Warden Aerodrome) Wiley, CNH Industrial; Jason Sankey, Frithville, Boston, Peter Goddard, Diss, Nr Biggleswade, Marketing Communications Manager, Lincolnshire, PE22 7DU, UK Norfolk, UK Bedfordshire, SG18 9EP, UK JCB Agriculture, and Jane Cornwall, www.rhcrawford.com www.shuttleworth.org Press Office Administrator, JCB World With special thanks to Robert Crawford Great Dorset Steam Fair Headquarters; Graham Barnwell, The National Heritage Show Piet Verschelde Antique Tractors SAME Deutz-Fahr; Caroline Benson, Roger and Fran Desborough, Tarrant Hill, Blandford Forum, Mannebeekstraat 1 B-8790, Museum of English Rural Life, University Halesworth, Suffolk, UK Dorset, DT11 8HX, UK Waregem, Belgium of Reading. www.gdsf.co.uk www.pietverschelde.com Doubleday – Holbeach Special thanks to Martin Oliver and With special thanks to Piet Verschelde The publisher would like to thank the Old Fendyke, Holbeach St Johns, Sarah Oliver and all the tractor owners following people for their help with Spalding, Lincolnshire, PE12 8SQ, UK David Wakefield, Bury, Huntingdon, making the book: Steve Crozier at www.doubledaygroup.co.uk Happy Old Iron Cambridgeshire, UK Butterfly Creative Solutions, Adam With special thanks to Graham Collishaw B-3670, Meeuwen, Belgium Brackenbury, and Tom Morse for colour www.happyoldiron.com The Ward Collection retouching; Amy Orsborne, and Daine Doubleday – Swineshead With special thanks to Marc Geerkens with additional thanks to Oliver Wright Stahr for design help; Joanna Edwards Station Road, Swineshead, Boston, and Lennert Geerkens for his help during the photoshoot and Catherine Saunders for editorial Lincolnshire, PE20 3PN, UK help; Sonia Charbonnier for technical www.doubledaygroup.co.uk Paul Holmes, Boston, Lincolnshire, UK Andrew Websdale, Norwich, Norfolk, UK support; Sachin Singh at DK Delhi for With special thanks to Zoe Doubleday- DTP help; Joanna Chisholm for Collishaw and Luke Spencer Tim Ingles, Moreton in Marsh, Lister Wilder proofreading; Helen Peters for the index. Gloucestershire, UK The Park, Portway, Crowmarsh, Andrew Farnham, Wisbech, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8FG, UK The publisher would also like to thank Cambridgeshire, UK Keystone Tractor Works the following museums, companies, and with special thanks to Reg Mattless, 880 W Roslyn Road, Colonial Heights, A R Wilkin, Barnham, Norfolk, UK individuals for their generosity in allowing Tracy Farnham, and David Drake VA 23834, USA Dorling Kindersley access to their tractors for photography: Fenland Tractors Richard and Valerie Mason, Station Yard, Postland, Crowland, Swineshead, Boston, Lincolnshire, UK Carrington Steam and Heritage Show, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, 2014 PE6 0JT, UK Rabtrak Ltd. Main Road, Carrington, Nr. Boston With special thanks to Martyn Stanley The Poplars, Fulney Drive, Spalding, Lincolnshire, PE22 7DZ, UK for his help during the photoshoot Lincolnshire, PE12 6BW, UK www.carringtonrally.co.uk www.fenlandtractors.co.uk www.rabtrak.co.uk

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 255 PICTURE CREDITS 50 DK: Courtesy of L. Gilbert: Keystone Tractor Works (tc), (cra), (cb), Tractor Works (tc); Courtesy of Paul The publisher would like to thank the Chellaston (tr); Courtesy of Paul (br). 94 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Holmes (c); Courtesy of Paul Rackham following for their kind permission to Rackham Ltd. (cr); Courtesy of Peter Ltd. (cr), (bc). 94–95 DK: Courtesy of Ltd. (bl). 134–135 DK: Courtesy of allow Dorling Kindersley to photograph Goddard (clb), (br). 51 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (c). 95 DK: Courtesy Keystone Tractor Works (tc), (cb). their vehicles: Andrew Farnham (tr); Courtesy of Paul of Mick Osborne (cb); Courtesy of Paul 135 DK: Courtesy of Richard and Valerie (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; Rackham Ltd. (tl); Courtesy of Peter Rackham Ltd. (cl), (bc), (crb). 96 DK: Mason (tc). 136 DK: Courtesy of Happy f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Goddard (bc). 54 DK: Courtesy of Paul Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (bl, Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (cr), (br); Rackham Ltd. (cla); Courtesy of Roger both). 96–97 DK: Courtesy of Paul Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (tr); All DK images shot by Gary Ombler and Fran Desborough (bc). 55 DK: Rackham Ltd. (c). 97 DK: Courtesy Courtesy of Mrs S. Needle (bl). 137 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (bl); of Paul Rackham Ltd. (all). 98 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Marc 1 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd (c). Courtesy of Peter Robinson (crb); Courtesy of Geldof Tractors (cla); Geerkens (bl), (br); Courtesy of Keystone 2–3 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd Courtesy of Roger and Fran Desborough Courtesy of Piet Verschelde (clb), (br) Tractor Works (tr), (c). 139 DK: Courtesy (c). 4 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd (tl), (tr). 56 DK: Courtesy of Paul (c). 99 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, of Adam Rayner (tl); Courtesy of Paul (br). 5 DK: Courtesy of Henry Flashman Rackham Ltd. (clb), (bl); 56–57 DK: Marc Geerkens (bl), (cb), (cr); Courtesy Rackham Ltd. (ftl); Courtesy of Stuart (bl), Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (br). Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (c); of Piet Verschelde (tr). 100 DK: Courtesy Gibbard (tr). 140 DK: Courtesy of 6 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. 57 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. of Happy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (tr), Keystone Tractor Works (br); Courtesy (br); Courtesy of Richard and Valerie (all). 58 DK: Courtesy of James Coward (ca), (br); Courtesy of Piet Verschelde of Paul Rackham Ltd. (clb); Courtesy of Mason (bl). 7 DK: Courtesy of (c); Courtesy of Geldof Tractors (bl); (clb). 100–101 DK: Courtesy of Happy Stuart Gibbard (tr). 141 DK: Courtesy of Doubleday Swineshead (BR); Courtesy of Courtesy of Roger and Fran Desborough Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (c); 101 DK: Doubleday Swineshead (bl); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (bl). 8 DK: Courtesy (tr); Courtesy of S.M. Sheppard (br). Courtesy of Geldof Tractors (br), (tr); Keystone Tractor Works (c), (tl), (tr). of Andrew Websdale (br); Courtesy of 59 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Courtesy of Piet Verschelde (bc); 142–143 DK: Courtesy of Richard and Henry Flashman (bl). 9 DK: Courtesy of Marc Geerkens (clb); Courtesy of Happy Courtesy of Stuart Gibbard (cla). Valerie Mason (cb). 143 DK: Courtesy of Doubleday Swineshead (br); Courtesy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (cra); Courtesy 103 DK: Courtesy of Peter Rudling (tr); Richard and Valerie Mason (all). 144 DK: of Richard and Valerie Mason (bl). of Geldof Tractors (br); Courtesy of Paul Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (tl), (ftl). Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Marc 10–11 DK: Courtesy of Robert Crawford Rackham Ltd. (tr), (cla). 61 DK: 104 DK: Courtesy of Dave Buckle (crb); Geerkens (cla); Courtesy of Richard and (c). 14 DK: Courtesy of Ernie Eagle (tc); Courtesy of Geldof Tractors (tl), (tr); Courtesy of John Hipperson (bl); Valerie Mason (bl). 144–145 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Marc Courtesy of Piet Verschelde (ftr). 64 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (cla), Courtesy of J Hardstaff (c). 145 DK: Geerkens (cl). 15 DK: Courtesy of Trevor Courtesy of R. Parcell (c); Courtesy of (BR); Courtesy of Roger and Fran Courtesy of John Pickard (br); Courtesy Wrench and Trish Bloomfield (tl); Keystone Tractor Works (bl); Courtesy of Desborough (tr). 105 DK: Courtesy of of Richard and Valerie Mason (tl), (cr); Courtesy of Natel Taylor (cra); Courtesy Paul Rackham Ltd. (tr). 64–65 DK: Matthew Waters (crb); Courtesy of Paul Courtesy of Stuart Gibbard (tr). 148 DK: of the Farwell family (cr); Courtesy of Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (c). Rackham Ltd. (ca); Courtesy of Paul Courtesy of John Bowen-Jones (c). Mary and Brian Snelgar (bl). 18 DK: 65 DK: Courtesy of Robin Simons (tc); Rackham Ltd. (bl). 107 DK: Courtesy of 152 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Courtesy of The Ward Collection (cr); Courtesy of Peter Goddard (bl); Courtesy Jim Brown (ftr); Courtesy of Paul Marc Geerkens (cla); Courtesy of John Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Marc of Keystone Tractor Works (cla), (cra), Rackham Ltd. (tr), (ftl); Courtesy of Peter Bowen-Jones (bl). 152–153 DK: Courtesy Geerkens (tc); Courtesy of Robert (br). 66 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Robinson (tl). 108 DK: Courtesy of of Happy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (ca). Crawford (clb). 19 DK: Courtesy of Ltd. (bl, both). 66–67 DK: Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (bc); Courtesy of 153 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Malcolm Robinson (tc); Courtesy of Mike Paul Rackham Ltd. (c). 67 DK: Courtesy Paul Rackham Ltd. (clb). 108–109 DK: Marc Geerkens (c), (crb); Courtesy of Kendall (bc). 20 DK: Courtesy of Robert of Paul Rackham Ltd. (all). 68 DK: Courtesy of Richard and Valerie Mason Henry Flashman (tc); Courtesy of Crawford (bl); Courtesy of Robert Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (cb); (c). 109 DK: Courtesy of Tony Jones Keystone Tractor Works (bl). 155 DK: Crawford (clb). 20–21 DK: Courtesy of Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (bl); (tr); Courtesy of A. Oglesby (tc). Courtesy of Mick Patrick (ftl); Courtesy Robert Crawford (c). 21 DK: Courtesy of Courtesy of Stuart Gibbard (ca). 110 DK: Courtesy of Martin Shemelds of Paul Rackham Ltd. (tl); Courtesy of Robert Crawford (all). 22 DK: Courtesy 68–69 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham (bl); Courtesy of Paul Holmes (cra). Happy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (tr); of The Ward Collection (cra), (cla), clb); Ltd. (cb). 69 DK: Courtesy of Keystone 111 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. c. DK (ftr). 156 DK: Courtesy of B. Courtesy of Geldof Tractors (tr); Courtesy Tractor Works (br), (cb); Courtesy of Paul (crb); Courtesy of Richard and Valerie Murduck (clb); Courtesy of Paul Holmes of Mick Patrick (br). 23 DK: Courtesy of Rackham Ltd. (tc), (cla); Courtesy of Mason (tl). 114–115 DK: Courtesy of (tr); Courtesy of R. Oliver (ca); 156 DK: The Ward Collection (crb), (clb); Courtesy Peter Goddard (cra). 70 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (c). 118 DK: Courtesy of Richard and Valerie Mason of Roger and Fran Desborough (ca), (bc); The Ward Collection (clb), (bl). 70–71 Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (tr), (bl). 156–157 DK: Courtesy of Peter Rash 26–27 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham DK: Courtesy of The Ward Collection (crb), (cla), (bl), (br). 119 DK: Courtesy (c). 157 DK: Courtesy of Andrew Ltd. (c). 27 DK: Courtesy of D. West, (c). 71 DK: Courtesy of The Ward of Keystone Tractor Works (tr), (bl), Farnham (tl); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Canterbury (tr); Courtesy of The Ward Collection (all). 72 DK: Courtesy of (crb). 120 DK: Courtesy of Peter Rudling Ltd. (tr). 156–157 DK: Courtesy of Paul Collection (tl); Courtesy of Happy Old Happy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (tc); (clb); Courtesy of Andrew Farnham (tr); Rackham Ltd. (bc). 158 DK: Courtesy of Iron, Marc Geerkens (bl); Courtesy of Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (cra); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (bc); D. Sherwin (clb); Courtesy of Paul Paul Rackham Ltd. (cra). 28 DK: Courtesy of Roger and Fran Desborough Courtesy of Roger and Fran Desborough Rackham Ltd. (tr); Courtesy of Richard Courtesy of The Ward Collection (br), (cb); Courtesy of The Ward Collection (cla). 120–121 DK: Courtesy of Peter and Valerie Mason (cla). 158-159 DK: (cla); Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (tl). 73 DK: Courtesy of The Ward Goddard (c). 121 DK: Courtesy of David Courtesy of D. Sherwin (bc); 159 DK: (cra); Courtesy of Geldof Tractors (CLB). Collection (tr); Courtesy of Paul Mason (ca); Courtesy of Matthew Waters Courtesy of Piet Verschelde (tl); Courtesy 29 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. Rackham Ltd. (crb); Courtesy of Paul (crb), (tr); Courtesy of John Simpson of Raymond Peter Coupland (br). (tr), (bc); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. Rackham Ltd. (cra). 76 DK: Courtesy of (bl); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (br), 162 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, 30 DK: Courtesy of Simon Wyeld and Geldof Tractors (cra); Courtesy of Piet (tl). 122 DK: Courtesy of Andrew Marc Geerkens (tc), Courtesy of Geldof family (cla); Courtesy of The Ward Verschelde (tc); Courtesy of The Websdale (bl, both). 122–123 DK: Tractors (clb). 162–163 DK: Courtesy of Collection (CRB); Courtesy of R.C. Shuttleworth Collection (cla). 76–77 DK: Courtesy of Andrew Websdale (cl). A.M. Smith (tc); Courtesy of Happy Old Gibbons (bl). 31 DK: Courtesy of The Courtesy of Roger and Fran Desborough 123 DK: Courtesy of Andrew Websdale Iron, Marc Geerkens (bc). 163 DK: Ward Collection (cra), (bc); Courtesy of (cb). 77 DK: Courtesy of Geldof Tractors (all). 124 DK: Courtesy of Geldof Courtesy of S. Oliver (cr). 166 DK: Richard Vincent (tl). 34 DK: Courtesy of (cla), (tr), (tl); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Tractors (bl); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Courtesy of Richard and Valerie Mason The Ward Collection (crb); Courtesy of Ltd. (crb); Courtesy of Piet Verschelde Ltd. (tr), (cla); Courtesy of Piet (bl, both). 166–167 DK: Courtesy of Derek Mellor (cla); Courtesy of Paul (bc). 79 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Verschelde (br). 125 DK: Courtesy of Richard and Valerie Mason (bc). 167 DK: Rackham Ltd. (tr), (bl). 35 DK: Courtesy Ltd. (tr); Courtesy of Roger and Fran Andrew Websdale (br); Courtesy of Courtesy of Richard and Valerie Mason of The Ward Collection (CRB); Courtesy Desborough (tl). 80–81 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (crb), (all). 168 DK: Courtesy of A. Hardesty of Paul Rackham Ltd. (bc), (tc). 36 DK: Paul Rackham Ltd. (C) 84 DK: Courtesy (tl); Courtesy of Piet Verschelde (tr). (crb); 168 DK: Courtesy of Richard and Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (bl, all). of Henry Flashman (tr); Courtesy of Paul 126 DK: Courtesy of Geldof Tractors Valerie Mason (tr), (cla), (bl). 36–37 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Rackham Ltd. (clb) (cla); (b). 84–85 DK: (cla); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (tr); 168–169 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (c). 37 DK: Courtesy of Paul Courtesy of D. Disdel (bc). 85 DK: Courtesy of Piet Verschelde (cb). Ltd. (tc); 169 DK: Courtesy of Gavin Rackham Ltd. (all). 40 DK: Courtesy of Courtesy of Andrew Farnham (cla); 126–127 DK: Courtesy of Piet Verschelde Chapman (tc); Courtesy of Phillip Warren Happy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (tc), Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (cr); (bc). 127 DK: Courtesy of Geldof (br). 170 DK: Courtesy of Peter Tack (ca). (cla), (bc); Courtesy of Geldof Tractors Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (tl), (tr). Tractors (br); Courtesy of Piet Verschelde 174–175 DK: Courtesy of Fenland (bl). 40–41 DK: Courtesy of The Ward 86 DK: Courtesy of Henry Flashman (tr), (cr). 128 DK: Courtesy of Paul Tractors (cb). 175 DK: Courtesy of Collection (c). 41 DK: Courtesy of The (clb, both); 86–87 DK: Courtesy of Rackham Ltd. (bl, both). 128–129 DK: Fenland Tractors (br). 176–177 DK: Ward Collection (br); Courtesy of James Henry Flashman (c). 87 DK: Courtesy of Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (c). Courtesy of Richard and Valerie Mason Coward (CA); Courtesy of Geldof Tractors Henry Flashman (all). 88 DK: Courtesy 129 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (c). 180 DK: Courtesy of Doubleday (tr); 42 DK: Courtesy of The Ward of Paul Rackham Ltd. (cla), (cl). (all). 132 DK: Courtesy of James Coward Holbeach (clb); Courtesy of Stuart Collection (cr), (tc); Courtesy of Piet 88–89 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham (tr); Courtesy of Piet Verschelde (cla), Gibbard (cla). 180–181 DK: Courtesy of Verschelde (bc). 45 DK: Courtesy of Ltd. (c); 89 DK: Courtesy of James (bl). 133 DK: Courtesy of Happy Old Doubleday Holbeach (bc); Courtesy of Doubleday Swineshead (ftr); Courtesy of Coward (br), (crb); 89 DK: Courtesy of Iron, Marc Geerkens (bc); Courtesy of Bryan Bowles (tc). 181 DK: Courtesy of John Bowen-Jones (tr); Courtesy of Ken Barber (cra). 90 DK: / Courtesy of Henry Flashman (br); Courtesy of Paul Doubleday Holbeach (tr). 183 DK: Keystone Tractor Works (tl); Courtesy of Keystone Tractor Works (cla), (crb), (bl); Holmes (tr); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Courtesy of Andrew Farnham (ftl); Paul Rackham Ltd. (ftl). 46 DK: Courtesy 90–91 DK: Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. (cl); Courtesy of Piet Verschelde Courtesy of Peter Tack (tl). 186-187 (c) of Paul Rackham Ltd. (c). Ltd. (tc), (bc). 91 DK: Courtesy of (cla). 134 DK: Courtesy of Keystone DK (bc). 188 DK: Courtesy of Doubleday

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256 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Holbeach (cla). 189 DK: Courtesy of The publisher would like to thank the (cl). 169 FPP: Simon Henley (tr). 170 Images on title, contents, Richard and Valerie Mason (tr). 191 DK: following for their kind permission to David Peters: (cl, bl, tr, crb). 171 David and introduction Courtesy of B. Murduck (tl); Courtesy reproduce theor photographs: Peters: (tc, clb). SGC: (br). 172–173 page 1 International Junior 8-16 of Bryan Bowles (ftl); Courtesy of Richard David Peters: (c). 174 SGC: (cla, tr). pages 2–3 Lanz Bulldog and Valerie Mason (tr); Courtesy of Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; 175 David Parfitt: (cr). SGC: (tl, tr, page 4 International Junior 8-16 Stuart Gibbard (ftr). 192 DK: Courtesy f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) clb). 178 Courtesy of JCB: (c). 179 page 5 MM UDLX (bl), Roadless of Andrew Farnham (cla). 195 DK: SGC: Stuart Gibbard collection Alamy Images: Dinodia Photos (br). Half-Track (br) Courtesy of Robert Crawford (cla). SGC: (c). 180 John Deere: (bc). 181 page 6 Fowler Challenger 3 (bl), 196 DK: Courtesy of Tim Ingles (cb). 12 SGC: (c). 13 SGC: (ca, br). 14 David AGCO Ltd: (cr, br, clb). 182 AGCO Northrop 5004T (br) 198 (c) DK (bl, both). 198-199 (c) DK Parfitt: (bl). 16 SGC: (tl, bl, cl, cr). Ltd: (cl). SGC: (cr, fcr). Michael page 7 Massey Ferguson 50(bl), (cb). 199 (c) DK (all). 201 (c) DK (cla). 17 David Parfitt: (ftr). SGC: (ftl, tl, tr). Williams: (tl, bl). 183 AGCO Ltd: (tr, John Deere 6210R (br) 202 DK: Courtesy of David Wakefield 18 David Parfitt: (br). SGC: (cla). ftr). Michael Williams: (bc). 184–185 page 8 MM UDLX(bl), (bl, both). 202-203 DK: Courtesy of 19 Gunnar Österlund: (clb). David SGC: (c). 186 FPP: AGCO (bl); Deutz- Renault N73 Junior (br), David Wakefield (cb). 203 DK: Courtesy Peters: (crb). 20 SGC: (tl). 24–25 SGC: Allis (cra). David Peters: (cl). SGC: (tr). page 9 Doe Triple-D (bl), of David Wakefield (all). 204 (c) DK (c). 26 SGC: (cla, tc, bc). 27 SGC: (cb, 187 FPP: (cr); AGCO (br, tr). SGC: (tl). John Deere 6210R (br) (cb). 205 DK: Courtesy of David bc). 28 SGC: (tr). 29 SGC: (tl). 30 SGC: 188 FPP: International (tr). SGC: (bl, br, Wakefield (tl). 206-207 DK: Courtesy (tr). 31 Brian Knight: (tr). 32–33 The cr). 189 SGC: (bc, crb); Robert Sykes Images on chapter opener pages of Doubleday Swineshead (c). 210 DK: Library of Congress, Washington DC: (clb). 190 SGC: (tl, fbl, bl). 191–192 pages 10-11 1900-1920 Hornsby-Akroyd Courtesy of Chandlers Ltd (tr); Courtesy LC-H261- 24822 [P&P] (c). 35 SGC: SGC: (bc). 191 SGC: (cr, br). 192 Case pages 46-47 1921-1938 Case Model C of Doubleday Holbeach (cla). (clb). 36 Roy Larkin: (tl). 38–39 SGC: IH: (br). FPP: Renault (tr). SGC: (clb). pages 80-81 1939-1951 David Brown VAK1 210-211 DK: Courtesy of Rabtrak Ltd. (c). 41 SGC: (crb). 42 David Parfitt: 193 FPP: Deutz-Fahr (cl); Steyr (tr); pages 114-115 1952-1965 Ferguson FE-35 (ca). 212 DK: Courtesy of Doubleday (cla). SGC: (bl, bc, tc). 43 David Parfitt: Zetor (cr); Same (bc); Valmet (br). pages 148-149 1965-1980 John Deere 4020 Swineshead (bl), (cb), (cb), (bl), (clb), (cr). SGC: (cl). 44 John Deere: John 194 FPP: CBT (ca); Valmet (br); John pages 176-177 1981-2000 Ford TW-35 (bc). 212-213 DK: Courtesy of Deere Art Collection (bl). John Deere: Deere (cla). Mahindra & Mahindra pages 206-207 After 2000 John Deere 6210R Doubleday Swineshead (cb). 213 DK: (tl, cl). 45 John Deere: (cr, bc). SGC: Ltd: (bl). SGC: (tc). 195 FPP: Belarus pages 240-241 How Tractors Work Courtesy of Doubleday Swineshead (all). (cl). 48 SGC: (c). 49 SGC: (c, br). (tr). Brian Knight: (br). SGC: (bl). John Deere 6210R 214 DK: Courtesy of Doubleday Holbeach 50 David Parfitt: (cla). 52 Case IH: 196 FPP: (cla). David Peters: (tr). 197 (tc), (cla), (c). 214-215 DK: Courtesy of Wisconsin Historical Society (cl). SGC: FPP: Claas (br). John Deere: (tl). SGC: Chandlers Ltd (cb). 215 DK: Courtesy of (tl, bl, cr). 53 FPP: (ftr). SGC: (cr). The (tr, c, bl). 198 Case IH: (tl). 200 David Chandlers Ltd (tr); Courtesy of Doubleday Library of Congress, Washington DC: Peters: (cla, clb, bc, tr, cr). 201 Mecum Holbeach (cla); Courtesy of Doubleday 1a35288u (bc). 54 SGC: (tc, cr). Auctions: (tr). David Peters: (tl, bc). Swineshead (cr). 217 DK: / Courtesy of 55 David Peters: (cl). 56 SGC: (tl). 202 Courtesy of JCB: (tl). 204 FPP: Happy Old Iron, Marc Geerkens (tr). 60 John Deere. SGC: (tl, bc). 61 John Steyr (tr). Brian Knight: (cra). David 218–219 DK: Courtesy of Lister Wilder Deere: (br). SGC: (cl, cr). 62-63 Peters: (cla). 205 FPP: Claas (br); (bc). 220 DK: / Courtesy of Chandlers Museum of English Rural Life: (c). Clayton (tr); Ken Topham (cr). SGC: (cl). Ltd. (clb, both). 220-221 DK: Courtesy 66 SGC: (tl). 70 Museum of English 208 AGCO Ltd: (c). 209 Alamy of Chandlers Ltd (cb). 221 DK: Courtesy Rural Life: (tl). 73 Cheffins: (clb). Images: ITAR-TASS Photo Agency (ca). of Chandlers Ltd. (all). 222 DK: Courtesy Brian Knight: (tr). David Parfitt: (bc). Case IH: (br). 210 John Deere: (bl); of Chandlers Ltd. (bc). 223 DK: Courtesy 74-75 SGC: (c). 78 SGC: (bc, cr). AGCO Ltd: (crb). 211 FPP: Kubota of Doubleday Swineshead (bl). 230 DK: Wikipedia: (tl). 79 FPP: Claas (ftr). (clb); Lindner Traktoren (tr). New Courtesy of Rabtrak Ltd. (cra), (bc). David Parfitt: (ftl). SGC: (bl, c, br). Holland Agriculture: (br). Steyr: (bc). 231 DK: Courtesy of Chandlers Ltd (tl); 82 Bridgeman Images: © The Estate 212 John Deere: (tl). 214 AgriArgo Courtesy of Rabtrak Ltd. (tr). 233 DK: of Terence Cuneo (c). 83 SGC: (ca, br). UK Ltd Distributor for McCormick Courtesy of Doubleday Holbeach (tr). 85 Corbis: Bettmann (br). 86 Tractors in UK: (clb). FPP: Courtesy of 235 DK: Courtesy of Doubleday Holbeach Saskatchewan Western Development JCB (cb). 216 Image supplied courtesy (ca). 237 DK: Courtesy of Chandlers Ltd. Museum: Clark Collection, WDM- of the Same Deutz-Fahr Group: (tl, c, (tr), (ftr). 240–241 DK: Courtesy of 1981-S-197 (tl). 88 David Parfitt: (tc, bl, cr). 217 FPP: Deutz-Fahr (ftr). Doubleday Swineshead (c). 243 DK: bl). 89 SGC: (tl). 92–93 SGC: (c). Image supplied courtesy of the Courtesy of Peter Goddard (bc); Courtesy 94 David Parfitt: (tr, clb). SGC: (cla). Same Deutz-Fahr Group: (cl, ftl, tl, br). of Mick Patrick (ca); Courtesy of Paul 96 SGC: (tl). 99 SGC: (br). 101 David 218 AGCO Ltd: (cla). New Holland Rackham Ltd. (cra), (br). 244 DK: Peters: (cr). 102 Getty Images: J. A. Agriculture: (tr). Image supplied Courtesy of Doubleday Swineshead (cb), Hampton / Stringer (tl). SGC: (bl, cr). courtesy of the Same Deutz-Fahr (c), (bc); Courtesy of Paul Rackham Ltd. 103 SGC: (ftr, cr, bc). 106 Corbis: Group: (cl). 219 FPP: ARGO (cra); Claas (clb). 244–245 DK: Courtesy of Bettmann (tl). SGC: (bc). The Library (c). Lamberhurst Engineering Ltd: Doubleday Swineshead (c). 245 DK: of Congress, Washington DC: (tl). SGC: (cr, br). 220 AGCO Ltd: (tl). Courtesy of Doubleday Swineshead (ca), cph.3c11278 (cla). 107 SGC: (c, cr, fcr, 222–223 AGCO Ltd: (c). 222 Case IH: (bc), (c); Courtesy of Keystone Tractor br). 108 David Peters: (bc). SGC: (cla). (clb). David Peters: (tr, ca). 223 John Works (cla); Courtesy of Paul Rackham 109 David Parfitt: (cb). SGC: (cr, br). Deere: (crb). SGC: (tc). Versatile: (br). Ltd. (cra); Courtesy of Peter Goddard 110 SGC: (cla). 111 SGC: (tr, cr). 112– 224–225 www.thecoldestjourney.org: (tlc); Courtesy of Roger and Fran 113 SGC: (c). 116 SGC: (c). 117 SGC: (c) 226 AGCO Ltd: (tr). Tristan Balint: Desborough (trc). 246 DK: Courtesy of (ca, br, bl). 122 SGC: (tl). 126 David (cl). FPP: AGCO (cla); Deutz-Fahr (cr); D. Sherwin (bc); Courtesy of Doubleday Peters: (bl). 127 Brian Knight: (tl). Reform (bc). 226–227 Steyr: (c). 227 Swineshead (br). 247 DK: Courtesy of 128 John Deere: (tl). 130–131 Corbis: John Deere: (cr). Max-Holder: (tr). Doubleday Swineshead (br). Bettmann (c). 133 David Peters: (cr). SGC: (tl). 228–229 Corbis: Martin 134 Mecum Auctions: (cla). 135 SGC: Harvey (c). 230 FPP: AGCO (cb); TYM (cr). 136 Brian Knight: (cla). 138 SGC: (tc); ArmaTrac (clb). Wikipedia: Natalie (tl, cl, cr). 138–139 SGC: (bc). 139 SGC: Maynor (cla). 231 FPP: Belarus (bc). (cr). Robert Sykes: (ftr). 140 SGC: (cl). 232 New Holland Agriculture: New 142 SGC: (tl). 144 David Peters: (tc, Holland Agriculture Photo Library (tl, cl). clb). 146–147 SGC: (c). 150 SGC: (c). SGC: (cr, bl). 233 Alamy Images: FLPA 151 SGC: (br, ca). 152 John Deere: (bc). SGC: (ftl, tl), New Holland (crb). 154 akg-images: Universal Images Agriculture: (ftr, cra). 234 AGCO Ltd: Group / Unversal History Archive (bl). (cr). Case IH: (bc). Countrytrac: (tr). Case IH: Wisconsin Historical Society (tl, Courtesy of JCB: (clb). SGC: (cla). cl). 154–155 Case IH: Wisconsin 235 AGCO Ltd: (bl). Kubota: (cb). Historical Society (bc). 155 Case IH: New Holland Agriculture: (br). (br). 157 SGC: (br, fbr/MF 175). 159 236 AGCO Ltd: (tl, cl). 236–237 AGCO Case IH: Wisconsin Historical Society Ltd: (bc). 237 AGCO Ltd: (cl). AGCO (tr). David Peters: (ca). SGC: (cr). Ltd: (br). FPP: AGCO (ftl). SGC: (tl). 160 Archivio e Centro Storico Fiat: 238-239 AWL Images: Hemis (c). (tl). SGC: (cl, bl, cr). 161 SGC: (bl, crb, 242 John Deere: (br). 246 Mecum tl/Fiat 505C, ftl, tr/Fiat 680, ftr). 162 Auctions: (bl). 247 John Deere: (bl, bc) David Peters: (cla, bc). 163 Brian Knight: (tr, br). 164 FPP: Belarus (c); All other images © Dorling Kindersley Kubota (cla); Valmet (cra). SGC: (bc). For further information see: www. 164–165 David Peters: (bc). 165 SGC: dkimages.com (tl, tr, cr, br). 166 SGC: (tl). 168 SGC: